{"id":21,"date":"2026-07-07T17:53:45","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T17:53:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/?page_id=21"},"modified":"2026-07-11T18:52:32","modified_gmt":"2026-07-11T23:52:32","slug":"exhibits","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/?page_id=21","title":{"rendered":"Exhibits"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"n2_clear\"><ss3-force-full-width data-overflow-x=\"body\" data-horizontal-selector=\"body\"><div class=\"n2-section-smartslider fitvidsignore  n2_clear\" data-ssid=\"7\"><div id=\"n2-ss-7-align\" class=\"n2-ss-align\"><div class=\"n2-padding\"><div id=\"n2-ss-7\" data-creator=\"Smart Slider 3\" data-responsive=\"fullwidth\" class=\"n2-ss-slider n2-ow n2-has-hover n2notransition  \">\n\n\n\n<div class=\"n2-ss-slider-wrapper-inside\">\n        <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-1 n2_ss__touch_element n2-ow\">\n            <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-2 n2-ow\">\n                                                <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-3 n2-ow\">\n\n                    <div class=\"n2-ss-slide-backgrounds n2-ow-all\"><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"1\" data-mode=\"fill\"><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"2\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slide-background\" data-public-id=\"3\" data-mode=\"fill\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><div data-color=\"RGBA(255,255,255,0)\" style=\"background-color: RGBA(255,255,255,0);\" class=\"n2-ss-slide-background-color\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-4 n2-ow\">\n                        <svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1200 600\" data-related-device=\"desktopPortrait\" class=\"n2-ow n2-ss-preserve-size n2-ss-preserve-size--slider n2-ss-slide-limiter\"><\/svg><div data-first=\"1\" data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"19\" data-slide-public-id=\"1\" data-title=\"Antikythera Mechanism\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-19\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Antikythera Mechanism<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-G1nMBBZgjTkA\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-Zwgsai5MRL1k\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"content\" data-hasbackground=\"0\"><div class=\"n2-ss-section-main-content n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n2-ow n-uc-Zwgsai5MRL1k-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-GMrAwe91dHdw\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div class=\" n2-ss-item-image-content n2-ss-item-content n2-ow-all\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" id=\"n2-ss-7item1\" alt=\"\" class=\"skip-lazy\" width=\"1036\" height=\"924\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-3.jpg\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-MHLfNbmkL3F6\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div class=\"n2-ss-item-content n2-ss-text n2-ow-all\"><div class=\"\"><p class=\"n2-font-2c179631a5c7655cc8fa962b32739b88-paragraph   \"><b>Antikythera Mechanism<\/b><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHow old is the first mechanical analog computer? Would you believe it&#8217;s so old that the exact date is uncertain? It was developed in the 1st century BC! The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient device used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. It was found in a long-lost shipwreck off the Greek Island, Antikythera, in 1900. Little was known about its use and complexity for nearly a century, though the Antikythera mechanism attracted much curiosity\u2014including a 1978 exploration by Jacques Cousteau. The ancient Greeks developed the Antikythera mechanism. Believed to be the only device of its kind, no calculation devices would surface again until the 14th century when mechanical astronomical clocks were constructed in Western Europe.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"25\" data-slide-public-id=\"2\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Chinese Abacus (SuanPan)\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-25\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Chinese Abacus (SuanPan)<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-Bt8M5UbiKvdg\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-nAja4aJmzCj1\" data-pm=\"default\" data-sstype=\"content\" data-hasbackground=\"0\"><div class=\"n2-ss-section-main-content n2-ss-layer-with-background n2-ss-layer-content n2-ow n-uc-nAja4aJmzCj1-inner\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-AFiAPAUtdo3X\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div class=\" n2-ss-item-image-content n2-ss-item-content n2-ow-all\"><img decoding=\"async\" id=\"n2-ss-7item3\" alt=\"\" class=\"skip-lazy\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"784\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus.jpg\" \/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-QBEM3zDnbisR\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div id=\"n2-ss-7item4\" class=\"n2-font-a26e380306d8c03aee97283d7bd28ad5-hover n2-style-0a6f048ba619ba713dd50a211e04d2d4-heading   n2-ss-item-content n2-ss-text n2-ow\" style=\"display:block;\">Chinese Abacus (SuanPan)<\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-tbnCOyFKpG9i\" data-pm=\"normal\" data-sstype=\"layer\"><div class=\"n2-ss-item-content n2-ss-text n2-ow-all\"><div class=\"\"><p class=\"n2-font-a7ac78a38785e9de40e943eda3af5fc9-paragraph  n2-style-0a6f048ba619ba713dd50a211e04d2d4-heading  \">Designer: China<br \/>\nYear: Prior to 1573<br \/>\n<br \/>\nOur Museum Curator, Bob Roswell, received an abacus as a gift. When he tried to learn to use it with a book called &#8220;The Japanese Abacus,&#8221; the abacus did not work. The book was about the Japanese abacus which has has four earth beads and one heaven bead. But the gift was a Chinese abacus (suanpan) with five earth beads and two heaven beads.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nThe moral of the story is that we have a very long history of incompatible computer systems.<br \/>\n<br \/>\nThe Chinese abacus computes in both decimal and hexadecimal.<\/p>\n<p class=\"n2-font-a7ac78a38785e9de40e943eda3af5fc9-paragraph  n2-style-0a6f048ba619ba713dd50a211e04d2d4-heading  \">It&#8217;s origin are unknown but it is known to have been used as early as 750 BCE in Babylonia and China and is therefore one of the oldest known calculation tools.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-slide-duration=\"0\" data-id=\"26\" data-slide-public-id=\"3\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-title=\"Slide\" class=\"n2-ss-slide n2-ow  n2-ss-slide-26\"><div role=\"note\" class=\"n2-ss-slide--focus\" tabindex=\"-1\">Slide<\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-layers-container n2-ss-slide-limiter n2-ow\"><div class=\"n2-ss-layer n2-ow n-uc-5zkouCAlmf6K\" data-sstype=\"slide\" data-pm=\"default\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>                    <\/div>\n\n                                    <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-absolute-left-center\"><div style=\"--widget-offset:15px;\" class=\"n2-ss-widget n2-style-107cb0e4b96e295f0c4852cfc0854d07-heading nextend-arrow n2-ow-all nextend-arrow-previous  nextend-arrow-animated-fade\" data-hide-mobileportrait=\"1\" id=\"n2-ss-7-arrow-previous\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"previous arrow\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDMyIDMyIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIG9wYWNpdHk9IjEiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0iZXZlbm9kZCIKICAgICAgICAgIGQ9Ik0xOC45OTU4IDguOTkwN2MwLS40MjQtLjIwNC0uNzIzLS42MS0uODk4LS40MDktLjE3My0uNzcyLS4xMDQtMS4wOTMuMjA5bC03LjAwNiA2Ljk3NWMtLjIwMS4xOTktLjI5Ny40MzctLjI4Ni43MTYgMCAuMjY3LjA5Ni40OTguMjg2LjY4OWw3LjAwNiA3LjAwMWMuMzIxLjMyMS42ODQuMzg5IDEuMDkzLjIwOS40MDYtLjE3NC42MS0uNDgyLjYxLS45MjJWOC45OTA3eiIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=\" alt=\"previous arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2-ss-slider-controls n2-ss-slider-controls-absolute-right-center\"><div style=\"--widget-offset:15px;\" class=\"n2-ss-widget n2-style-107cb0e4b96e295f0c4852cfc0854d07-heading nextend-arrow n2-ow-all nextend-arrow-next  nextend-arrow-animated-fade\" data-hide-mobileportrait=\"1\" id=\"n2-ss-7-arrow-next\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"next arrow\" tabindex=\"0\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"32\" height=\"32\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-skip-lazy=\"1\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMzIiIGhlaWdodD0iMzIiIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAzMiAzMiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIj4KICAgIDxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xMiA4Ljk5YzAtLjQyMy4yMDQtLjcyMi42MS0uODk3LjQwOC0uMTczLjc3Mi0uMTA0IDEuMDkyLjIxbDcuMDA2IDYuOTc0Yy4yMDIuMi4yOTguNDM3LjI4Ny43MTYgMCAuMjY3LS4wOTYuNDk4LS4yODcuNjlsLTcuMDA2IDdjLS4zMi4zMi0uNjg0LjM5LTEuMDkyLjIxLS40MDYtLjE3NS0uNjEtLjQ4My0uNjEtLjkyM1Y4Ljk5eiIKICAgICAgICAgIGZpbGw9IiNmZmZmZmYiIG9wYWNpdHk9IjEiIGZpbGwtcnVsZT0iZXZlbm9kZCIvPgo8L3N2Zz4=\" alt=\"next arrow\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><ss3-loader><\/ss3-loader><\/div><\/div><div class=\"n2_clear\"><\/div><\/div><\/ss3-force-full-width><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var( --global-content-width, 1290px );padding-left:var(--global-content-edge-padding);padding-right:var(--global-content-edge-padding);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxl, 5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxl, 5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec{background-color:#000000;}.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.00;background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec ,.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec h1,.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec h2,.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec h3,.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec h4,.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec h5,.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec h6{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec a{color:var(--global-palette3, #1A202C);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id21_7623c5-ec aligncenter kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-layout-overlay kt-row-overlay-normal\"><\/div><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-row kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column21_649476-8f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column21_649476-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column21_649476-8f\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kadence-column21_afb414-73{max-width:750px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal:not(.kb-section-md-dir-vertical)>.kt-inside-inner-col>.kadence-column21_afb414-73{-webkit-flex:0 1 750px;flex:0 1 750px;max-width:unset;margin-left:unset;margin-right:unset;}.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column21_afb414-73{text-align:center;}.kadence-column21_afb414-73{position:relative;}@media all and (min-width: 1025px){.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-dir-horizontal>.kt-inside-inner-col>.kadence-column21_afb414-73{-webkit-flex:0 1 750px;flex:0 1 750px;max-width:unset;margin-left:unset;margin-right:unset;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-column.kb-section-sm-dir-vertical:not(.kb-section-sm-dir-horizontal):not(.kb-section-sm-dir-specificity)>.kt-inside-inner-col>.kadence-column21_afb414-73{max-width:750px;-webkit-flex:1;flex:1;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.kadence-column21_afb414-73 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column21_afb414-73\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1\"]{margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xs, 1rem);text-align:center;font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-lg, 2rem);line-height:1.2;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<h2 class=\"kt-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading has-theme-palette-9-color has-text-color\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_3a9f33-e1\">Exhibits<\/h2>\n\n\n<style>.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_af951c-32, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_af951c-32[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_af951c-32\"]{text-align:center;font-style:normal;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_af951c-32 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_af951c-32[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_af951c-32\"] mark.kt-highlight{font-style:normal;color:#f76a0c;-webkit-box-decoration-break:clone;box-decoration-break:clone;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_af951c-32 img.kb-inline-image, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading21_af951c-32[data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_af951c-32\"] img.kb-inline-image{width:150px;vertical-align:baseline;}<\/style>\n<p class=\"kt-adv-heading21_af951c-32 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading has-theme-palette-9-color has-text-color\" data-kb-block=\"kb-adv-heading21_af951c-32\">Write with clear, concise language to inform and engage your audience. Consider what matters to them and provide valuable insights.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column21_6b5f76-9b\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-item .kb-gal-image-radius, .kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kb-slide-item .kb-gal-image-radius img{border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery.kb-gallery-wrap-id-21_b01137-1e{overflow:visible;}.kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-item .kb-gal-image-radius, .kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-thumb-item .kb-gal-image-radius{box-shadow:0px 0px 0px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);}.kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-item:hover .kb-gal-image-radius, .kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-thumb-item:hover .kb-gal-image-radius{box-shadow:4px 2px 14px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);}.kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-item .kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner .kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption{font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kb-gallery-caption-style-cover-hover.kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-item .kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner .kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption, .kb-gallery-caption-style-below.kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e .kadence-blocks-gallery-item .kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner .kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8);}.kb-gallery-wrap-id-21_b01137-1e.wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery{overflow:visible;}.kb-gallery-wrap-id-21_b01137-1e.wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery .kt-blocks-carousel{overflow:visible;}<\/style><div class=\"kb-gallery-wrap-id-21_b01137-1e alignnone wp-block-kadence-advancedgallery\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-ul kb-gallery-non-static kb-gallery-type-slider kb-gallery-id-21_b01137-1e kb-gallery-caption-style-below kb-gallery-filter-none kb-gallery-magnific-init\" data-image-filter=\"none\" data-lightbox-caption=\"true\"><div class=\"kt-blocks-carousel splide kt-carousel-container-dotstyle-dark kt-carousel-arrowstyle-whiteondark kt-carousel-dotstyle-dark kb-slider-group-arrow kb-slider-arrow-position-center\" data-slider-anim-speed=\"400\" data-slider-scroll=\"1\" data-slider-arrows=\"true\" data-slider-fade=\"true\" data-slider-dots=\"true\" data-slider-type=\"slider\" data-slider-hover-pause=\"false\" data-slider-auto=\"\" data-slider-speed=\"7000\" data-show-pause-button=\"false\"><div class=\"splide__track\"><ul class=\"kt-blocks-carousel-init kb-blocks-slider splide__list\"><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2.jpg\" data-description=\"Antikythera MechanismHow old is the first mechanical analog computer? Would you believe it&#039;s so old that the exact date is uncertain? It was developed in the 1st century BC!The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient device used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. It was found in a long-lost shipwreck off the Greek Island, Antikythera, in 1900. Little was known about its use and complexity for nearly a century, though the Antikythera mechanism attracted much curiosity\u2014including a 1978 exploration by Jacques Cousteau.The ancient Greeks developed the Antikythera mechanism. Believed to be the only device of its kind, no calculation devices would surface again until the 14th century when mechanical astronomical clocks were constructed in Western Europe.  &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UpLcnAIpVRA&quot;&gt;WATCH VIDEO&lt;\/a&gt;\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2-1024x913.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"913\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2-1024x913.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2-300x268.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2-768x685.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Antikythera_Mechanism-1-2.jpg 1036w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"256\" class=\"wp-image-256 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Antikythera Mechanism<br><br>How old is the first mechanical analog computer? Would you believe it&#8217;s so old that the exact date is uncertain? It was developed in the 1st century BC!<br><br>The Antikythera mechanism is an ancient device used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses. It was found in a long-lost shipwreck off the Greek Island, Antikythera, in 1900. Little was known about its use and complexity for nearly a century, though the Antikythera mechanism attracted much curiosity\u2014including a 1978 exploration by Jacques Cousteau.<br><br>The ancient Greeks developed the Antikythera mechanism. Believed to be the only device of its kind, no calculation devices would surface again until the 14th century when mechanical astronomical clocks were constructed in Western Europe.  <br><br><mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette3)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">WATCH VIDEO<\/mark><br><br><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Chinese Abacus (SuanPan)Designer: ChinaYear: Prior to 1573Our Museum Curator, Bob Roswell, received an abacus as a gift. When he tried to learn to use it with a book called &quot;The Japanese Abacus,&quot; the abacus did not work. The book was about the Japanese abacus which has has four earth beads and one heaven bead. But the gift was a Chinese abacus (suanpan) with five earth beads and two heaven beads.The moral of the story is that we have a very long history of incompatible computer systems.The Chinese abacus computes in both decimal and hexadecimal.It&#039;s origin are unknown but it is known to have been used as early as 750 BCE in Babylonia and China and is therefore one of the oldest known calculation tools.WATCH VIDEO    EMMULATOR\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-1024x669.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-1536x1003.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Chinese-Abacus-SuanPan-2048x1338.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"248\" class=\"wp-image-248 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Chinese Abacus (SuanPan)<br><br>Designer: China<br><br>Year: Prior to 1573<br><br>Our Museum Curator, Bob Roswell, received an abacus as a gift. When he tried to learn to use it with a book called &#8220;The Japanese Abacus,&#8221; the abacus did not work. The book was about the Japanese abacus which has has four earth beads and one heaven bead. But the gift was a Chinese abacus (suanpan) with five earth beads and two heaven beads.<br><br>The moral of the story is that we have a very long history of incompatible computer systems.<br><br>The Chinese abacus computes in both decimal and hexadecimal.<br><br>It&#8217;s origin are unknown but it is known to have been used as early as 750 BCE in Babylonia and China and is therefore one of the oldest known calculation tools.<br><br>WATCH VIDEO    EMMULATOR<br><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Japanese Abacus (Soroban)Designer: JapanThe soroban is an abacus developed in Japan. It is derived from the Chinese suanpan, imported to Japan around 1600. Like the suanpan, the soroban is still used today despite the proliferation of practical and affordable pocket electronic calculators.\n\nIn 1946, the best electric calculator operator (Private Thomas Nathan Wood of the 20th Finance Disbursing Section of General MacArthur&#039;s headquarters) competed in a series of problems against Mr. Kiyosi Matsukai (champion operator of the abacus in the Savings Bureau of the Ministry of Postal Administration). The abacus operator won!WATCH VIDEO     EMULATOR\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-1024x557.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"557\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-1024x557.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-768x418.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-1536x835.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Japanese-Abacus-Soroban-2048x1114.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"257\" class=\"wp-image-257 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Japanese Abacus (Soroban)<br><br>Designer: Japan<br><br>The soroban is an abacus developed in Japan. It is derived from the Chinese suanpan, imported to Japan around 1600. Like the suanpan, the soroban is still used today despite the proliferation of practical and affordable pocket electronic calculators.\n\nIn 1946, the best electric calculator operator (Private Thomas Nathan Wood of the 20th Finance Disbursing Section of General MacArthur&#8217;s headquarters) competed in a series of problems against Mr. Kiyosi Matsukai (champion operator of the abacus in the Savings Bureau of the Ministry of Postal Administration). The abacus operator won!<br><br>WATCH VIDEO     EMULATOR<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Quipu (Khipu)Quipu, also called \u201ctalking knots\u201d, is a base ten numeric recording device found in the Andean region of South America. Typical quipu construction consists of threads or strings made from llama or alpaca hair or more recently cotton. The devices were used by Incas to collect data and numeric records for taxes, census records, calendars and military organization. Arranged in a base ten configuration, a quipu could contain from a few to as many as 2000 cords.Archaeologists found quipus were used in Incan culture including the Tahuantinsuyu empire who used the devices for administrative purposes. They were widely used in Andean civilizations from 1450 to 1532 AD and were still in use when the Spanish empire invaded.How they worked: Quipos consisted of strands arranged in series of 10\u2019s using knots and colors to represent numeric values. Powers of ten are allocated by position on the string in alignment with additional cords. The number 40 then might be represented by four cords with knots in the ten position. Within the 10 position, knots were stranded to correspond to each digit.Today, the largest collection of quipos is found in Berlin Ethnologisches Museum in Germany. Several museums in Peru also have collectionsWATCH VIDEO\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-915x1024.jpg\" width=\"915\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-915x1024.jpg 915w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-268x300.jpg 268w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-768x859.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-1373x1536.jpg 1373w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quipu-Khipu-1830x2048.jpg 1830w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 915px) 100vw, 915px\"data-id=\"259\" class=\"wp-image-259 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Quipu (Khipu)<br><br>Quipu, also called \u201ctalking knots\u201d, is a base ten numeric recording device found in the Andean region of South America. Typical quipu construction consists of threads or strings made from llama or alpaca hair or more recently cotton. The devices were used by Incas to collect data and numeric records for taxes, census records, calendars and military organization. Arranged in a base ten configuration, a quipu could contain from a few to as many as 2000 cords.<br><br>Archaeologists found quipus were used in Incan culture including the Tahuantinsuyu empire who used the devices for administrative purposes. They were widely used in Andean civilizations from 1450 to 1532 AD and were still in use when the Spanish empire invaded.<br><br>How they worked: Quipos consisted of strands arranged in series of 10\u2019s using knots and colors to represent numeric values. Powers of ten are allocated by position on the string in alignment with additional cords. The number 40 then might be represented by four cords with knots in the ten position. Within the 10 position, knots were stranded to correspond to each digit.<br><br><br>Today, the largest collection of quipos is found in Berlin Ethnologisches Museum in Germany. Several museums in Peru also have collections<br><br>WATCH VIDEO<br><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Napiers&#039; BonesDesigner: John NapierYear: 1614In the early 1600s, a Scottish mathematician named John Napier invented a tool called Napier&#039;s Bones, which are multiplication tables inscribed on strips of wood or bone. Napier, who was the Laird of Merchiston, also invented logarithms, which greatly assisted in arithmetic calculations.In 2008, Bob Roswell traveled to New York to bid on an original copy of Napier&#039;s 1614 paper describing the bones. He thought he had lost his mind when he bid $5,000. It sold for $80,500!The basic design included a base with nine rows labeled one to nine along the left hand side. The area to the right was recessed so ten \u201cbones\u201d could be inserted with each one having a series of progressive calculations for each digit creating, at first glance a multiplication table. The first row would simply include digits 1,2,3\u2026..0 reflecting the multiplication result of each digit times one. The subsequent rows had a horizontal slash, the digit to the left of the slash represented values in the tens column; the values to the right represented single digit values. As such, the first bone\u2019s second row would show 0\/2, the multiplication of 1x2, zero value in the ten column, 2 in the single digit column. Likewise, tow six of the sixth bone showed \u201c3\/6\u201d for 36, three ten\u2019s, and six single digits. Setup this way, Napier\u2019s Bones is simply a multiplication table showing the values for all operations multiplying a single digit times a single digit. By arranging the \u201cbones\u201d and following the matrix, complex multiplication problems could be calculated. Different arrangements were used for division and square roots.&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.mathematik.uni-marburg.de\/~thormae\/lectures\/ti1\/code\/napierbones\/napierbones.html&quot;&gt;EMULATOR&lt;\/a&gt;\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-821x1024.jpg\" width=\"821\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-821x1024.jpg 821w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-241x300.jpg 241w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-768x958.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-1232x1536.jpg 1232w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Napiers-Bones-1642x2048.jpg 1642w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 821px) 100vw, 821px\"data-id=\"261\" class=\"wp-image-261 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Napiers&#8217; Bones<br><br>Designer: John Napier<br><br>Year: 1614<br><br>In the early 1600s, a Scottish mathematician named John Napier invented a tool called Napier&#8217;s Bones, which are multiplication tables inscribed on strips of wood or bone. Napier, who was the Laird of Merchiston, also invented logarithms, which greatly assisted in arithmetic calculations.<br><br>In 2008, Bob Roswell traveled to New York to bid on an original copy of Napier&#8217;s 1614 paper describing the bones. He thought he had lost his mind when he bid $5,000. It sold for $80,500!<br><br>The basic design included a base with nine rows labeled one to nine along the left hand side. The area to the right was recessed so ten \u201cbones\u201d could be inserted with each one having a series of progressive calculations for each digit creating, at first glance a multiplication table. The first row would simply include digits 1,2,3\u2026..0 reflecting the multiplication result of each digit times one. The subsequent rows had a horizontal slash, the digit to the left of the slash represented values in the tens column; the values to the right represented single digit values. As such, the first bone\u2019s second row would show 0\/2, the multiplication of 1&#215;2, zero value in the ten column, 2 in the single digit column. Likewise, tow six of the sixth bone showed \u201c3\/6\u201d for 36, three ten\u2019s, and six single digits. Setup this way, Napier\u2019s Bones is simply a multiplication table showing the values for all operations multiplying a single digit times a single digit. By arranging the \u201cbones\u201d and following the matrix, complex multiplication problems could be calculated. Different arrangements were used for division and square roots.<br><br><mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette3)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">EMULATOR<\/mark><br><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Slide-Rule.jpg\" data-description=\"Slide RuleMaterial: BambooDesigner: William OughtredYear: 1620&#039;sIf you were a math or science student born before 1958, you most likely performed math using a slide rule instead of a calculator or computer. By 1974, pocket calculators largely replaced the slide rule.The slide rule was invented around 1620\u20131630, shortly after John Napier&#039;s publication of the concept of the logarithm. Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale, which with additional measuring tools could be used to multiply and divide.The first description of this scale was published in Paris in 1624 by Edmund Wingate (c.1593\u20131656), an English mathematician, in a book entitled L&#039;usage de la reigle de proportion en l&#039;arithmetique &amp; geometrie. The book contains a double scale, one side a logarithmic scale and the other a tabular scale. In 1630, William Oughtred of Cambridge invented a circular slide rule and in 1632 he combined two Gunter rules, held together with the hands, to make a device recognized as the modern slide rule. Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students but delayed in publishing them. Like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over invention priority with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred&#039;s ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653. \" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Slide-Rule.jpg\" width=\"677\" height=\"149\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Slide-Rule.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Slide-Rule.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Slide-Rule.jpg 677w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Slide-Rule-300x66.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\"data-id=\"263\" class=\"wp-image-263 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Slide Rule<br><br>Material: Bamboo<br><br>Designer: William Oughtred<br><br>Year: 1620&#8217;s<br><br>If you were a math or science student born before 1958, you most likely performed math using a slide rule instead of a calculator or computer. By 1974, pocket calculators largely replaced the slide rule.<br><br>The slide rule was invented around 1620\u20131630, shortly after John Napier&#8217;s publication of the concept of the logarithm. Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale, which with additional measuring tools could be used to multiply and divide.<br><br>The first description of this scale was published in Paris in 1624 by Edmund Wingate (c.1593\u20131656), an English mathematician, in a book entitled L&#8217;usage de la reigle de proportion en l&#8217;arithmetique &amp; geometrie. The book contains a double scale, one side a logarithmic scale and the other a tabular scale. In 1630, William Oughtred of Cambridge invented a circular slide rule and in 1632 he combined two Gunter rules, held together with the hands, to make a device recognized as the modern slide rule. Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students but delayed in publishing them. Like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over invention priority with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred&#8217;s ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653. <\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Otis-King-Slide-Rule.jpg\" data-description=\"Otis King Slide RuleDesigner: Otis Carter Formby KingYear: 1922-1972Manual: &lt;a href=&quot;http:\/\/ajmdeman.awardspace.info\/otismanl.html&quot;&gt;Online Manual&lt;\/a&gt;Standard slide rules (Slide Rule) had limited precision. The Curator&#039;s father (Arthur Roswell) always had a 6&quot; slide rule in his engineers pocket protector. If he needed more precision, he used a standard slide rule (about 12&quot;) and then a 3&#039; long slide rule for even higher accuracy.The Otis King Calculator packaged a huge slide rule in a small size by making the scales 66&quot; long and winding them around a cylinder like a barber shop pole.Otis Carter Formby King (1876\u2013??) was a grocer and engineer in London who invented and produced a cylindrical slide rule with helical scales, initially for business use. The product was named Otis King&#039;s Patent Calculator and was manufactured and sold by Carbic Ltd. in London from about 1922 to approximately 1972.With a log-scale decade length of 66&quot;, the Otis King calculator should be about a full digit more accurate than a 6&quot; pocket slide rule. But due to inaccuracies in tic-mark placement, some portions of its scales will read less accurately than they should. For example, a reading of 4.630 might represent an answer of 4.632 or almost one part in 2000 error. The predicted accuracy should be one part in 6000 (66&quot;\/6000 = 0.011&quot; estimated interpolation accuracy).\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Otis-King-Slide-Rule.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"676\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Otis-King-Slide-Rule.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Otis-King-Slide-Rule.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Otis-King-Slide-Rule.jpg 800w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Otis-King-Slide-Rule-300x254.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Otis-King-Slide-Rule-768x649.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\"data-id=\"262\" class=\"wp-image-262 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Otis King Slide Rule<br><br>Designer: Otis Carter Formby King<br><br>Year: 1922-1972<br><br>Manual: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette3)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Online Manual<\/mark><br><br>Standard slide rules (Slide Rule) had limited precision. The Curator&#8217;s father (Arthur Roswell) always had a 6&#8243; slide rule in his engineers pocket protector. If he needed more precision, he used a standard slide rule (about 12&#8243;) and then a 3&#8242; long slide rule for even higher accuracy.<br><br>The Otis King Calculator packaged a huge slide rule in a small size by making the scales 66&#8243; long and winding them around a cylinder like a barber shop pole.<br><br>Otis Carter Formby King (1876\u2013??) was a grocer and engineer in London who invented and produced a cylindrical slide rule with helical scales, initially for business use. The product was named Otis King&#8217;s Patent Calculator and was manufactured and sold by Carbic Ltd. in London from about 1922 to approximately 1972.<br><br>With a log-scale decade length of 66&#8243;, the Otis King calculator should be about a full digit more accurate than a 6&#8243; pocket slide rule. But due to inaccuracies in tic-mark placement, some portions of its scales will read less accurately than they should. For example, a reading of 4.630 might represent an answer of 4.632 or almost one part in 2000 error. The predicted accuracy should be one part in 6000 (66&#8243;\/6000 = 0.011&#8243; estimated interpolation accuracy).<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Curta Calculating MachinesThe Curta Calculators were invented and patented by Curt Herzstark in 1938. This single drum replaced the multiple drums of contemporary calculators, and it enabled addition and subtraction through nines complement math, essentially subtracting by adding. He was a watchmakers apprentice and that may explain all 605 intricate parts that make up the Curta. In 1943, Herzstark was placed in the Buchenwald concentration camp where the Nazis forced him to continue his research on his invention. Curtas were known to be the best portable calculators available until they were displaced by electronic calculators in the 1970&#039;s.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-1024x526.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"526\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-1024x526.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-768x394.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-1536x788.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Curta-Calculating-Machines-2048x1051.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"260\" class=\"wp-image-260 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Curta Calculating Machines<br><br>The Curta Calculators were invented and patented by Curt Herzstark in 1938. This single drum replaced the multiple drums of contemporary calculators, and it enabled addition and subtraction through nines complement math, essentially subtracting by adding. He was a watchmakers apprentice and that may explain all 605 intricate parts that make up the Curta. In 1943, Herzstark was placed in the Buchenwald concentration camp where the Nazis forced him to continue his research on his invention. Curtas were known to be the best portable calculators available until they were displaced by electronic calculators in the 1970&#8217;s.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"The Millionaire Calculating MachineCompany: Keuffel &amp; EsserYear: 1893, Ours dates to 1909THE MILLIONAIRE CALCULATOR WITH ALL THE ORIGINAL PAPERWORK AND DOCUMENTATION. SERIAL #1338 MANUFACTURED IN 1909 MODEL 8SMH The Millionaire calculating machine was the first commercially successful mechanical calculator that could perform a direct multiplication. It was in production from 1893 to 1935 with a total of about five thousand machines manufactured. Spectacular mechanical calculator The Millionaire, first made in 1893, Switzerland. The millionaire became the first calculator, commercially successful, capable of performing multiplication directly, without obtaining the result by the formula of repetition. Its production took place between 1893 and 1935, being manufactured in total about 4,600 copies. Swiss design engineer Pat Otto Steiger and production Hans W. Egli. The first patent for this mechanical calculator was made in Germany in 1892, while in France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States was in 1893. The patent can be found under the name of &quot;The Millionaire&quot; in USA and Canada &quot; Millionaire &quot;in France or&quot; Million\u00e4r &quot;in Germany. As of AUGUST 1909, approximately 1338 MILLIONAIRE calculators were manufactured up to that date in the 14 year period. Today there are approx. 175 MILLIONAIRE calculators registered and only 18 of those are the USA MODEL 85MH. The &quot;8&quot; is for 8 columns, &quot;S&quot; is for slider mechanism, &quot;M&quot; is for metal cabinet and &quot;H&quot; is for hand crank. From the 18 examples registered, nearly all have partial loss to complete loss of the cabinet paint. This was due to the metal front, back and side plates being of aluminum and the top being of sheet metal steel. The front, back and sides usually became pitted and corroded badly, thus the pitted gray color. The tops being made of sheet metal steel, usually became rusted. This calculator was recently serviced and has undergone a complete professional restoration to the cabinet repairing all of the corrosion, pitting and rust to the cabinet. It is one of the finest examples of this particular model. A 8SWH version recently sold on ebay that was listed for about $4,900 U.S. (unknown offer was accepted) but that sale did not include any of the original paperwork. Later models were often electrified as its production lasted until 1935. The wood model of this calculator is very sought after but his example being original with professional restoration to the cabinet, original paperwork, set of original keys in the envelope, 20 page &quot;MILLIONAIRE&quot; catalog, letter signed by W.A. MORSCHHAUSER, past owner documentation and history makes it without doubt one of the finest and one of the rarest in the world and should be worth much more than the average $3,000 price over those with condition issues and no paperwork or history. The mechanical works have not been messed with at all and has its original patina. The instructions are on a metal plate on the inside of the box lid also hold THE ORIGINAL CLEANING BRUSH AND CARRIAGE LOCK. The mechanical works inside are near mint! The serial number is the N\u00ba1338 was manufactured in 1909, so it is a very early model that is sure to increase its value. The calculator works perfectly and has been recently serviced. This is undoubtedly a real gem, a museum quality, rare, very rare and even more extremely RARE as it is ONE OF THE VERY FEW KNOWN EXAMPLES WITH MOST OF THE ORIGINAL PAPERWORK! If you have as much of the paperwork history as this example, please let me know and send photos what you have and I will document this in my ad. As it is, to the best of my knowledge, this example has the most history and documentation behind it. ORIGINAL PAPERS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: Original introduction letter dated August 11th, 1909. from W.A. MORCHHAUSER and TYPED LETTER SIGNED (TLS) by W.A. MORSCHHAUSER. Typed on OLD HAMPSHIRE BOND watermarked paper. The ORIGINAL BOOKLET PRINTED BY W.E.HEIM &amp; CO. NO. 1 MADISEN AVE, NEW YORK, Inside cover plate HANS W. EGLI as SOLE MANUFACTURER, ZURICH SWITZERLAND, Sole Agent for North America W.A. MORSCHHAUSER 1 Madison, Ave. NEW YORK, U.S.A. Booklet is 20 pages including the front and back cover. There are numerous prints and mechanical drawings of the mechanical works and exterior of the machine in this booklet. Original instructions for use paper. Original envelope printed Shawmut Mining Company containing the 2 original keys . Shawmut Mining Company was a large Coal Mining Company in St Marys, Pennsylvania which operated the famous RAMSEY MINES. Original brochure with details of THE &quot;MILLIONAIRE&quot; CALCULATING MACHINE.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-1024x550.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"550\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-1024x550.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-768x413.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-1536x826.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Millionaire-Calculating-Machine-1-2048x1101.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"355\" class=\"wp-image-355 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">The Millionaire Calculating Machine<br><br>Company: Keuffel &amp; Esser<br><br>Year: 1893, Ours dates to 1909<br><br>THE MILLIONAIRE CALCULATOR WITH ALL THE ORIGINAL PAPERWORK AND DOCUMENTATION. SERIAL #1338 MANUFACTURED IN 1909 MODEL 8SMH The Millionaire calculating machine was the first commercially successful mechanical calculator that could perform a direct multiplication. It was in production from 1893 to 1935 with a total of about five thousand machines manufactured. Spectacular mechanical calculator The Millionaire, first made in 1893, Switzerland. The millionaire became the first calculator, commercially successful, capable of performing multiplication directly, without obtaining the result by the formula of repetition. Its production took place between 1893 and 1935, being manufactured in total about 4,600 copies. Swiss design engineer Pat Otto Steiger and production Hans W. Egli. The first patent for this mechanical calculator was made in Germany in 1892, while in France, Switzerland, Canada and the United States was in 1893. The patent can be found under the name of &#8220;The Millionaire&#8221; in USA and Canada &#8221; Millionaire &#8220;in France or&#8221; Million\u00e4r &#8220;in Germany. As of AUGUST 1909, approximately 1338 MILLIONAIRE calculators were manufactured up to that date in the 14 year period. Today there are approx. 175 MILLIONAIRE calculators registered and only 18 of those are the USA MODEL 85MH. The &#8220;8&#8221; is for 8 columns, &#8220;S&#8221; is for slider mechanism, &#8220;M&#8221; is for metal cabinet and &#8220;H&#8221; is for hand crank. From the 18 examples registered, nearly all have partial loss to complete loss of the cabinet paint. This was due to the metal front, back and side plates being of aluminum and the top being of sheet metal steel. The front, back and sides usually became pitted and corroded badly, thus the pitted gray color. The tops being made of sheet metal steel, usually became rusted. This calculator was recently serviced and has undergone a complete professional restoration to the cabinet repairing all of the corrosion, pitting and rust to the cabinet. It is one of the finest examples of this particular model. A 8SWH version recently sold on ebay that was listed for about $4,900 U.S. (unknown offer was accepted) but that sale did not include any of the original paperwork. Later models were often electrified as its production lasted until 1935. The wood model of this calculator is very sought after but his example being original with professional restoration to the cabinet, original paperwork, set of original keys in the envelope, 20 page &#8220;MILLIONAIRE&#8221; catalog, letter signed by W.A. MORSCHHAUSER, past owner documentation and history makes it without doubt one of the finest and one of the rarest in the world and should be worth much more than the average $3,000 price over those with condition issues and no paperwork or history. The mechanical works have not been messed with at all and has its original patina. The instructions are on a metal plate on the inside of the box lid also hold THE ORIGINAL CLEANING BRUSH AND CARRIAGE LOCK. The mechanical works inside are near mint! The serial number is the N\u00ba1338 was manufactured in 1909, so it is a very early model that is sure to increase its value. The calculator works perfectly and has been recently serviced. This is undoubtedly a real gem, a museum quality, rare, very rare and even more extremely RARE as it is ONE OF THE VERY FEW KNOWN EXAMPLES WITH MOST OF THE ORIGINAL PAPERWORK! If you have as much of the paperwork history as this example, please let me know and send photos what you have and I will document this in my ad. As it is, to the best of my knowledge, this example has the most history and documentation behind it. ORIGINAL PAPERS INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: Original introduction letter dated August 11th, 1909. from W.A. MORCHHAUSER and TYPED LETTER SIGNED (TLS) by W.A. MORSCHHAUSER. Typed on OLD HAMPSHIRE BOND watermarked paper. The ORIGINAL BOOKLET PRINTED BY W.E.HEIM &amp; CO. NO. 1 MADISEN AVE, NEW YORK, Inside cover plate HANS W. EGLI as SOLE MANUFACTURER, ZURICH SWITZERLAND, Sole Agent for North America W.A. MORSCHHAUSER 1 Madison, Ave. NEW YORK, U.S.A. Booklet is 20 pages including the front and back cover. There are numerous prints and mechanical drawings of the mechanical works and exterior of the machine in this booklet. Original instructions for use paper. Original envelope printed Shawmut Mining Company containing the 2 original keys . Shawmut Mining Company was a large Coal Mining Company in St Marys, Pennsylvania which operated the famous RAMSEY MINES. Original brochure with details of THE &#8220;MILLIONAIRE&#8221; CALCULATING MACHINE.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1.jpg\" data-description=\"Thacher 4012 Slide RuleCompany: Keuffel and EsserPrice: $30.00 in 1910Year: 1891, Ours is from the period of 1910-1917Manual: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.mccoys-kecatalogs.com\/KEManuals\/4012_1917\/4012_1917.htm&quot;&gt;Online Manual&lt;\/a&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/collections\/object\/nmah_1131290&quot;&gt;Smithsonian Keuffel &amp; Esser 1741 Thacher Cylindrical Slide Rule&lt;\/a&gt;Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/soli.com\/thacher\/index2.html&quot;&gt;1917 Thacher&#039;s Calculating Instrument by K &amp; E&lt;\/a&gt;The Thacher is a high precision slide rule patented in 1891The preface to the manual describes it well.&quot;The ordinary Slide Rule, which is a development of Gunter&#039;s scale invented many years ago, has been found of great utility in the solution and checking of a wide variety of problems. The usual Mannheim and Duplex types are made in lengths of from 5 to 20 inches, giving results from two to four places of figures, depending upon the scale and the portion of it which is read. With the Thacher Calculating Instrument, however the scales are 30 feet long, so they will give results correctly to four and usual to five places of figures, sufficient to satisfy nearly every requirement of the professional and business man.&quot; \" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1-1024x683.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Thacher-4012-Slide-Rule-1.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"347\" class=\"wp-image-347 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Thacher 4012 Slide Rule<br><br>Company: Keuffel and Esser<br><br>Price: $30.00 in 1910<br><br>Year: 1891, Ours is from the period of 1910-1917<br><br>Manual: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette3)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Online Manual<\/mark><br><br>Source: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette3)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Smithsonian Keuffel &amp; Esser 1741 Thacher Cylindrical Slide Rule<\/mark><br><br>Source: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette3)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">1917 Thacher&#8217;s Calculating Instrument by K &amp; E<\/mark><br><br>The Thacher is a high precision slide rule patented in 1891<br><br>The preface to the manual describes it well.<br><br>&#8220;The ordinary Slide Rule, which is a development of Gunter&#8217;s scale invented many years ago, has been found of great utility in the solution and checking of a wide variety of problems. The usual Mannheim and Duplex types are made in lengths of from 5 to 20 inches, giving results from two to four places of figures, depending upon the scale and the portion of it which is read. With the Thacher Calculating Instrument, however the scales are 30 feet long, so they will give results correctly to four and usual to five places of figures, sufficient to satisfy nearly every requirement of the professional and business man.&#8221;<br><br> <\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1.jpg\" data-description=\"Monroe Model 1 Source: David S. Roswell (1897-1965)This Monroe calculator was used by the curator&#039;s grandfather, David Roswell. It rapidly adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. Like many calculators of its time, it has a grid of numbers for data entry. This both simplified the mechanical design, and allowed for faster data entry. Can someone show a modern device that allows us to enter a multi-digit numbering parallel rather than one digit at a time?System Source has a large collection of Monroe Calculators from the collection of James Joseph Donohue (donated by his daughter Susan Marks) Joe was not one for waste. When customers upgraded to a new model machine and traded in the old one, it was company policy for the old machine to be destroyed. Joe never got around to destroying these old machines. And so, we are able to appreciate this wonderful historic display of business machines today.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1-1024x518.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"518\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1-1024x518.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1-300x152.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1-768x388.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1-1536x776.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Monroe-Model-1-1.jpg 1933w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"354\" class=\"wp-image-354 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Monroe Model 1 <br><br>Source: David S. Roswell (1897-1965)<br><br>This Monroe calculator was used by the curator&#8217;s grandfather, David Roswell. It rapidly adds, subtracts, multiplies and divides. Like many calculators of its time, it has a grid of numbers for data entry. This both simplified the mechanical design, and allowed for faster data entry. Can someone show a modern device that allows us to enter a multi-digit numbering parallel rather than one digit at a time?<br><br>System Source has a large collection of Monroe Calculators from the collection of James Joseph Donohue (donated by his daughter Susan Marks) Joe was not one for waste. When customers upgraded to a new model machine and traded in the old one, it was company policy for the old machine to be destroyed. Joe never got around to destroying these old machines. And so, we are able to appreciate this wonderful historic display of business machines today.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Dalton Adding MachineMaterial: iron, steel, plastic, rubber, wood, and aluminumCompany: Dalton Adding Machine Company (1902-1928) &amp; Remington RandDesigner: Hurbert Hopkins (1859-1930) and James Lewis Dalton (1866-1926)Price: $125-$150 (1915); $100 (1926)Year: 1899-1930The Dalton Adding Machine was the first patented ten-key adding machine and became very popular during its time. James Lewis Dalton (1866-1926), was a business savvy hardware store clerk with a love for inventing and when his efforts didn\u2019t achieve the best results he decided to invest in Hurbert Hopkins\u2019 invention, the 10-key adding machine. After many complex business negotiations with Hubert Hopkins (1859-1930), his brother William Hopkins (1850-1916) and other adding machine companies, Dalton held the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell the Dalton and formed the Dalton Adding Machine Company. The machine was patented in 1899-1912, introduced in 1902 and was on the market until 1928, when Remington Rand merged with the Dalton Adding Machine Company and took over selling many models, redesigned without the stylish glass side features for practical reasons.This Dalton ten-key manual adding machine is from the late 1920\u2019s or later since the glass sides are not present. There are two rows of white plastic number keys marked with digits in the sequence: [2 4 5 7 9] on top and [1 3 0 6 8] below. The black keys are function keys labeled: multiply, backspace, correction, release, subtotal, and total. Located on the right hand side is a hand crank. The machine is designed to print out nine-digit totals on a paper roll inserted into a paper tape dispenser and feed through a movable nine-inch carriage located just in front.By the 1920&#039;s over 150 models of Dalton Adding Machines were designed. Its popularity arouse because of how easy it was to pick up its fast and simple ten-key design which required less hand motions, which meant less erroneous mistakes and more accurate calculations. It was so easy to pick up the workings of a Dalton that an advertisement exemplifies this with a single quote, \u201cAn inexperienced girl and a Dalton will replace two men who figure with pencil.\u201d\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-1024x658.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"658\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-1536x987.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dalton-Adding-Machine-2048x1316.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"352\" class=\"wp-image-352 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Dalton Adding Machine<br><br>Material: iron, steel, plastic, rubber, wood, and aluminum<br><br>Company: Dalton Adding Machine Company (1902-1928) &amp; Remington Rand<br><br>Designer: Hurbert Hopkins (1859-1930) and James Lewis Dalton (1866-1926)<br><br>Price: $125-$150 (1915); $100 (1926)<br><br>Year: 1899-1930<br><br>The Dalton Adding Machine was the first patented ten-key adding machine and became very popular during its time. James Lewis Dalton (1866-1926), was a business savvy hardware store clerk with a love for inventing and when his efforts didn\u2019t achieve the best results he decided to invest in Hurbert Hopkins\u2019 invention, the 10-key adding machine. After many complex business negotiations with Hubert Hopkins (1859-1930), his brother William Hopkins (1850-1916) and other adding machine companies, Dalton held the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell the Dalton and formed the Dalton Adding Machine Company. The machine was patented in 1899-1912, introduced in 1902 and was on the market until 1928, when Remington Rand merged with the Dalton Adding Machine Company and took over selling many models, redesigned without the stylish glass side features for practical reasons.<br>This Dalton ten-key manual adding machine is from the late 1920\u2019s or later since the glass sides are not present. There are two rows of white plastic number keys marked with digits in the sequence: [2 4 5 7 9] on top and [1 3 0 6 8] below. The black keys are function keys labeled: multiply, backspace, correction, release, subtotal, and total. Located on the right hand side is a hand crank. The machine is designed to print out nine-digit totals on a paper roll inserted into a paper tape dispenser and feed through a movable nine-inch carriage located just in front.<br><br>By the 1920&#8217;s over 150 models of Dalton Adding Machines were designed. Its popularity arouse because of how easy it was to pick up its fast and simple ten-key design which required less hand motions, which meant less erroneous mistakes and more accurate calculations. It was so easy to pick up the workings of a Dalton that an advertisement exemplifies this with a single quote, \u201cAn inexperienced girl and a Dalton will replace two men who figure with pencil.\u201d<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine.jpg\" data-description=\"Burroughs Adding Machine Company: Burroughs Adding Machine CompanyDesigner: William Seward BurroughsYear: introduced 1905A former bank clerk, William Seward Burroughs (1870-1904), invented the first Burroughs adding machine in the late 1880\u2019s but it wasn\u2019t until 1892 that the American Arithmometer, Co. out of Detroit, Michigan was renamed the Burroughs Adding Machine Company and the first Burroughs adding machine manufactured and sold.This particular Burroughs adding and listing machine is a Model 1 Style 9 and was introduced in 1905. It was a successful high precision machine in the early 1900\u2019s as it was one of the first practical recording-adding machines (introduced just after the D.E. Felt adding machine in 1889). This model has a full-keyboard with nine columns of black and white color-coded keys and a line of red buttons at the top of each column for clearing the entries. To the left of the number keys are non-add, subtotal, and total keys and to the right are the repeat and error keys. The machine was manually operated by cranking the metal handle on the right side of the machine.This adding machine was particularly successful because of its wide carriage and printing mechanism. The printing mechanism was much like a typewriter through type sectors, printing-hammers, and trigger-lates, pressing on an ink-ribbon to the paper, which operated from the rear. A roll of paper or a single sheet would be inserted through a mount outside of the machine to print out the full math problem and total for records. Burroughs Adding Machines were fashionably characterized by having glass panels in the sides of its black metal cases so the mechanism could be seen.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine-1024x474.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine-1536x711.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Burroughs-Adding-Machine.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"357\" class=\"wp-image-357 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Burroughs Adding Machine <br><br>Company: Burroughs Adding Machine Company<br><br>Designer: William Seward Burroughs<br><br>Year: introduced 1905<br><br>A former bank clerk, William Seward Burroughs (1870-1904), invented the first Burroughs adding machine in the late 1880\u2019s but it wasn\u2019t until 1892 that the American Arithmometer, Co. out of Detroit, Michigan was renamed the Burroughs Adding Machine Company and the first Burroughs adding machine manufactured and sold.<br>This particular Burroughs adding and listing machine is a Model 1 Style 9 and was introduced in 1905. It was a successful high precision machine in the early 1900\u2019s as it was one of the first practical recording-adding machines (introduced just after the D.E. Felt adding machine in 1889). This model has a full-keyboard with nine columns of black and white color-coded keys and a line of red buttons at the top of each column for clearing the entries. To the left of the number keys are non-add, subtotal, and total keys and to the right are the repeat and error keys. The machine was manually operated by cranking the metal handle on the right side of the machine.<br><br>This adding machine was particularly successful because of its wide carriage and printing mechanism. The printing mechanism was much like a typewriter through type sectors, printing-hammers, and trigger-lates, pressing on an ink-ribbon to the paper, which operated from the rear. A roll of paper or a single sheet would be inserted through a mount outside of the machine to print out the full math problem and total for records. Burroughs Adding Machines were fashionably characterized by having glass panels in the sides of its black metal cases so the mechanism could be seen.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"ComptometerDesigner: Dorr E. FeltYear: 1887Dorr E. Felt (1862-1930) built the prototype of a key-driven calculating machine using a wooden macaroni box as a case in 1885. In 1887 he obtained a patent, co-founded the Felt &amp; Tarrant Manufacturing Co., and sold the first few Comptometers. An 1888 article on the Comptometer stated the &quot;accuracy and durability of the machine have been thoroughly tested in the actuary&#039;s department of the United States Treasury at Washington, where one is in constant use.&quot; (Scientific American, Oct. 27, 1888) About 700 Comptometers were manufactured by late 1891. A June 1892 ad said Comptometers were &quot;Now in use in hundreds of Banks and Counting Rooms.&quot;An April 1895 ad noted Comptometers were &quot;in use in over a thousand Counting Rooms and in the offices of six Governments&quot; and &quot;Over fifty have bought a second after buying a first.&quot; Assuming every serial number was used, about 2300 Comptometers had been produced by late 1896. A December 1900 ad explained Comptometers were &quot;in hundreds of railroad and insurance offices&quot; and &quot;used by accountants and engineers in all lines of business.&quot; The ad also stated &quot;in the US Navy Department over 85 Comptometers are used in engineering computations&quot; and &quot;nearly one thousand manufacturing and commercial firms after buying one Comptometer have ordered a second one and scores have purchased and used in their accounting rooms from 10 to 25 each.&quot;Comptometers with wood cases were produced for about 16 years, from 1887 through 1903, after which cases were made of metal. The total number of wood-cased units manufactured did not exceed about 6300. Average annual production of wood-cased Comptometers increased from about 155 during the first 4.5 years (mid 1887-1891), to (at most) about 320 during the next five years (1892-96), and then to about 570 during the final seven years (1897-1903).\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-1024x455.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"455\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-1024x455.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-768x341.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-1536x683.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comptometer1-1-2048x910.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"372\" class=\"wp-image-372 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Comptometer<br><br>Designer: Dorr E. Felt<br><br>Year: 1887<br><br>Dorr E. Felt (1862-1930) built the prototype of a key-driven calculating machine using a wooden macaroni box as a case in 1885. In 1887 he obtained a patent, co-founded the Felt &amp; Tarrant Manufacturing Co., and sold the first few Comptometers. An 1888 article on the Comptometer stated the &#8220;accuracy and durability of the machine have been thoroughly tested in the actuary&#8217;s department of the United States Treasury at Washington, where one is in constant use.&#8221; (Scientific American, Oct. 27, 1888) About 700 Comptometers were manufactured by late 1891. A June 1892 ad said Comptometers were &#8220;Now in use in hundreds of Banks and Counting Rooms.&#8221;An April 1895 ad noted Comptometers were &#8220;in use in over a thousand Counting Rooms and in the offices of six Governments&#8221; and &#8220;Over fifty have bought a second after buying a first.&#8221; Assuming every serial number was used, about 2300 Comptometers had been produced by late 1896. A December 1900 ad explained Comptometers were &#8220;in hundreds of railroad and insurance offices&#8221; and &#8220;used by accountants and engineers in all lines of business.&#8221; The ad also stated &#8220;in the US Navy Department over 85 Comptometers are used in engineering computations&#8221; and &#8220;nearly one thousand manufacturing and commercial firms after buying one Comptometer have ordered a second one and scores have purchased and used in their accounting rooms from 10 to 25 each.&#8221;<br><br>Comptometers with wood cases were produced for about 16 years, from 1887 through 1903, after which cases were made of metal. The total number of wood-cased units manufactured did not exceed about 6300. Average annual production of wood-cased Comptometers increased from about 155 during the first 4.5 years (mid 1887-1891), to (at most) about 320 during the next five years (1892-96), and then to about 570 during the final seven years (1897-1903).<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine.jpg\" data-description=\"Dictaphone Shaving MachineCompany: Dictaphone Corporation of New YorkGallery: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.officemuseum.com\/dictating_machines.htm&quot;&gt;Pictures of Dictaphones&lt;\/a&gt;The Dictaphone technologies evolved from Thomas A Edison\u2019s Phonograph machine and Alexander Graham Bell\u2019s Graphophone machine. Edison developed these ideas to market the Dictaphone for recording and reproducing speech on wax cylinders. Many large companies like the Pennsylvania Railroad, colleges, and other businesses began to widely use these machines in the early 1900\u2019s. By the mid 1900\u2019s, the dictating machine involved 4 units of equipment that included: the dictating machine that inscribes the dictator\u2019s received messages on to a cylinder, the wax cylinders where the messages are recorded, the transcribing machine that reproduces the words on the machine into sound for the typist, and the shaving machine that scrapes and smooths the dictation from the wax cylinder so it can be reused. A cylinder held up to 1,000-1,200 words and could be reused nearly 130 times.This particular machine is a shaving machine Cameo model from the 1920\u2019s, manufactured by the Dictaphone Corporation of New York, and patented as early as 1929. On the top of the machine there is a small metal plaque that provides the directions for operation. It reads:Directions for operation:1.  With carriage at extreme left position, open end gate wide.2.  Place cylinder firmly on mandrel and close end gate.3.  Set knife and lock position.4.  Move carriage upright and to extreme right, place carriage gently on rail.5.  Start motor.6.  When carriage has traveled to extreme left additional cuts may be taken by moving carriage upward and to extreme right.@www.officemuseum.com\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine-1024x658.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"658\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine-1536x987.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Shaving-Machine.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"376\" class=\"wp-image-376 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Dictaphone Shaving Machine<br><br>Company: Dictaphone Corporation of New York<br><br>Gallery: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette3)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Pictures of Dictaphones<\/mark><br><br>The Dictaphone technologies evolved from Thomas A Edison\u2019s Phonograph machine and Alexander Graham Bell\u2019s Graphophone machine. Edison developed these ideas to market the Dictaphone for recording and reproducing speech on wax cylinders. Many large companies like the Pennsylvania Railroad, colleges, and other businesses began to widely use these machines in the early 1900\u2019s. By the mid 1900\u2019s, the dictating machine involved 4 units of equipment that included: the dictating machine that inscribes the dictator\u2019s received messages on to a cylinder, the wax cylinders where the messages are recorded, the transcribing machine that reproduces the words on the machine into sound for the typist, and the shaving machine that scrapes and smooths the dictation from the wax cylinder so it can be reused. A cylinder held up to 1,000-1,200 words and could be reused nearly 130 times.<br>This particular machine is a shaving machine Cameo model from the 1920\u2019s, manufactured by the Dictaphone Corporation of New York, and patented as early as 1929. On the top of the machine there is a small metal plaque that provides the directions for operation. It reads:<br><br>Directions for operation:<br><br>1.  With carriage at extreme left position, open end gate wide.<br><br>2.  Place cylinder firmly on mandrel and close end gate.<br><br>3.  Set knife and lock position.<br><br>4.  Move carriage upright and to extreme right, place carriage gently on rail.<br><br>5.  Start motor.<br><br>6.  When carriage has traveled to extreme left additional cuts <br>may be taken by moving carriage upward and to extreme right.<br><br><br>@www.officemuseum.com<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Dictaphone Electronic Dictating MachineCompany: Dictaphone Corporation of New YorkThis machine, like the previous machine, was manufactured by the Dictaphone Corporation of New York. With an attached microphone the dictator would speak into the machine and it would be able to record the sound. This machine uses thin paper sheets, form no. B440, to transcribe the sound. As a later model, this Dictaphone has new capabilities to play back, adjust the speed of the recording, and can start and stop if needed. It would be used for things like court hearing records.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-1024x658.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"658\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-768x494.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-1536x987.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Dictaphone-Electronic-Dictating-Machine-use-2048x1316.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"381\" class=\"wp-image-381 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Dictaphone Electronic Dictating Machine<br><br>Company: Dictaphone Corporation of New York<br><br>This machine, like the previous machine, was manufactured by the Dictaphone Corporation of New York. With an attached microphone the dictator would speak into the machine and it would be able to record the sound. This machine uses thin paper sheets, form no. B440, to transcribe the sound. As a later model, this Dictaphone has new capabilities to play back, adjust the speed of the recording, and can start and stop if needed. It would be used for things like court hearing records.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Graphotype Keyboard-Electric Model 6341Company: Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, OhioYear: mid-1930s \u2013 1950sSource: Musicians Association of Metropolitan Baltimore, MarylandThe Graphotype Keyboard-Electric Model 6341 was one model within the very popular class of 6300 Graphotypes made by the Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio. The 6300 series was manufactured from the mid-1930s \u2013 1950s and remained in popular use until the 1980s. There were thousands of variations made within this series, varying in embossing and printing techniques. Although, all the main features were interchangeable, pre-made, and assembled, each Graphotype was uniquely configured in the factory for each specific order. The Graphotype\u2019s purpose was to imprint by embossing metal plates for the Addressograph to transfer and print the imprinted information on the metal cards onto mailing lists, invoices, etc. In addition, the Graphotype was known to be used for making military identification tags (aka dog-tags) in WWII and data plates for electronic motors.Unlike the previous generations, this Graphotype selects and embosses characters by simply pressing a key on the built-in keyboard like one would a typewriter. One key cannot be pressed at the same time and the strokes have a particular timing or rhythm. If the strokes are ill-timed or keys are pressed simultaneously, a safety device kicks in and prevents jamming. There are 44 characters on the keyboard, including uppercase letters, numbers, and punctuation marks.Yet, this particular Graphotype Keyboard-Electric Model 6341 was donated and used by the Musicians Association of Metropolitan Baltimore, Maryland. Their secretary, who used this machine for mailing lists, says that the Graphotype and Addressograph process may still be faster than printing and snickering envelopes by hand.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use-1024x474.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use-1536x711.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Keyboard-Electric-Model-6341-use.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"383\" class=\"wp-image-383 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Graphotype Keyboard-Electric Model 6341<br><br>Company: Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio<br><br>Year: mid-1930s \u2013 1950s<br><br>Source: Musicians Association of Metropolitan Baltimore, Maryland<br><br>The Graphotype Keyboard-Electric Model 6341 was one model within the very popular class of 6300 Graphotypes made by the Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio. The 6300 series was manufactured from the mid-1930s \u2013 1950s and remained in popular use until the 1980s. There were thousands of variations made within this series, varying in embossing and printing techniques. Although, all the main features were interchangeable, pre-made, and assembled, each Graphotype was uniquely configured in the factory for each specific order. The Graphotype\u2019s purpose was to imprint by embossing metal plates for the Addressograph to transfer and print the imprinted information on the metal cards onto mailing lists, invoices, etc. In addition, the Graphotype was known to be used for making military identification tags (aka dog-tags) in WWII and data plates for electronic motors.<br><br>Unlike the previous generations, this Graphotype selects and embosses characters by simply pressing a key on the built-in keyboard like one would a typewriter. One key cannot be pressed at the same time and the strokes have a particular timing or rhythm. If the strokes are ill-timed or keys are pressed simultaneously, a safety device kicks in and prevents jamming. There are 44 characters on the keyboard, including uppercase letters, numbers, and punctuation marks.<br><br>Yet, this particular Graphotype Keyboard-Electric Model 6341 was donated and used by the Musicians Association of Metropolitan Baltimore, Maryland. Their secretary, who used this machine for mailing lists, says that the Graphotype and Addressograph process may still be faster than printing and snickering envelopes by hand.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Graphotype Manual-Electric Model G2Company: Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, OhioAs a slightly earlier and cheaper version of the automatic Keyboard-Electric model, the Graphotype Manual-Electric Model G2 Series 6200 also embossed metal cards for the Addressograph to use for transferring the information and printing. Yet, this model does not have a built-in keyboard to emboss the characters. Instead, the operator selects each letter one at a time using a hand wheel, indicator scale, and trip release lever. The Series 6200 class has the capacity of 50-80 characters on a wheel, consisting of large and small letters, numbers, and punctuation marks. Because this machine was more manually intensive, it was more designed for small to medium sized lists, such as payroll, news dealing, and mailing lists. There was an option that allowed one to add a costume die-head of a name or town for your wheel for ease and speed. Other optional equipment included a mounted stand with copy holder, a manual back spacer, a plate tray, tool drawer, safety guard, and an attached light fixture.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use-1024x474.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use-1536x711.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Graphotype-Manual-Electric-Model-G2-use.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"386\" class=\"wp-image-386 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Graphotype Manual-Electric Model G2<br><br>Company: Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio<br><br>As a slightly earlier and cheaper version of the automatic Keyboard-Electric model, the Graphotype Manual-Electric Model G2 Series 6200 also embossed metal cards for the Addressograph to use for transferring the information and printing. Yet, this model does not have a built-in keyboard to emboss the characters. Instead, the operator selects each letter one at a time using a hand wheel, indicator scale, and trip release lever. The Series 6200 class has the capacity of 50-80 characters on a wheel, consisting of large and small letters, numbers, and punctuation marks. Because this machine was more manually intensive, it was more designed for small to medium sized lists, such as payroll, news dealing, and mailing lists. There was an option that allowed one to add a costume die-head of a name or town for your wheel for ease and speed. Other optional equipment included a mounted stand with copy holder, a manual back spacer, a plate tray, tool drawer, safety guard, and an attached light fixture.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Addressograph Model 965-RRCompany: Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, OhioYear: 1960sAn Addressograph is a labeling system, specifically an address labeler. The first Addressograph was patented in 1896 by Joseph Smith Duncan of Sioux City, Iowa. His original company, Addressograph International, merged in 1932 with American Multigraph to form the Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation.This Addressograph is from the 1960s it prints address labels on envelopes from embossed metal address card produced by a Graphotype machine. It is equipped with a sturdy steel frame, a plate feeder, a heavy-duty inked ribbon that moves rapidly, a plate for hand feeding the mail pieces, and a pedal for stamping out the address. The metal plates were assembled into thin metal frames with letter flags for sorting and stored in the below drawers, resembling library card catalogue drawers. When the foot pedal was pressed in a sequence the plate assemblies would be switched and printed, leaving a raised type impression of the address on the envelope\u2019s surface. In some versions from the 1960s onward, an integrated keyboard for stamping out address plates was added to the Addressograph, skipping the need of a separate Graphotype machine altogether.The Addressograph process might be even be faster than hand-sticking large quantities of envelopes with printed labels.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use-1024x474.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use-1536x711.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Addressograph-Model-965-RR-use.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"388\" class=\"wp-image-388 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Addressograph Model 965-RR<br><br>Company: Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio<br><br>Year: 1960s<br><br>An Addressograph is a labeling system, specifically an address labeler. The first Addressograph was patented in 1896 by Joseph Smith Duncan of Sioux City, Iowa. His original company, Addressograph International, merged in 1932 with American Multigraph to form the Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation.<br><br>This Addressograph is from the 1960s it prints address labels on envelopes from embossed metal address card produced by a Graphotype machine. It is equipped with a sturdy steel frame, a plate feeder, a heavy-duty inked ribbon that moves rapidly, a plate for hand feeding the mail pieces, and a pedal for stamping out the address. The metal plates were assembled into thin metal frames with letter flags for sorting and stored in the below drawers, resembling library card catalogue drawers. When the foot pedal was pressed in a sequence the plate assemblies would be switched and printed, leaving a raised type impression of the address on the envelope\u2019s surface. In some versions from the 1960s onward, an integrated keyboard for stamping out address plates was added to the Addressograph, skipping the need of a separate Graphotype machine altogether.<br><br>The Addressograph process might be even be faster than hand-sticking large quantities of envelopes with printed labels.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Heathkit H8Sales Brochure: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150211054030\/http:\/\/blog.modernmechanix.com\/the-new-heathkit-personal-computing-systems\/&quot;&gt;Brochure&lt;\/a&gt;Date Acquired: 12\/07\/17Company: HeathkitYear: 1977Source: Bruce Stuck via Douglas WiseHeathkit&#039;s H8 is an Intel 8080-based microcomputer sold in kit form starting in 1977. The H8 was similar to the S-100 bus computers of the era, and like those machines was often used with the CP\/M operating system on floppy disk. The main difference between the H8 and S-100 machines was the bus; the H8 used a 50-pin bus design that was smaller, more robust and better engineered electrically. The machine also included a bootstrap ROM that made it easier to start up, including code for running basic input\/output and allowing input through a front-mounted octal keypad and front panel display instead of the binary switches and lights used on machines like the Altair 8800. The H8 was a successful design but required a separate terminal to be truly useful; Heathkit introduced several terminals as well.Bruce Stuck built this unit as a kit in 1978. He wrote &quot;When at the Letterman Army Institute of Research in San Francisco, we used an H-8 to detect and determine position of a moving target on a terrain board simulator and acquire quite a bit of pursuit tracking performance data as degraded by various levels (and wavelengths of laser glare). We used the CPM operating system as opposed to HDOS.&quot;In December 2017, John Sutley restored the machine to working condition. He cleaned the contacts on the power switches, replaces some capacitors in the disk drives, and replaced some 7400 series TTL chips that drive the LED display.We have a large amount of original documentation and software\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-1024x768.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Heathkit-H8-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"390\" class=\"wp-image-390 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Heathkit H8<br><br>Sales Brochure: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Brochure<\/mark><br><br>Date Acquired: 12\/07\/17<br><br>Company: Heathkit<br><br>Year: 1977<br><br>Source: Bruce Stuck via Douglas Wise<br><br>Heathkit&#8217;s H8 is an Intel 8080-based microcomputer sold in kit form starting in 1977. The H8 was similar to the S-100 bus computers of the era, and like those machines was often used with the CP\/M operating system on floppy disk. The main difference between the H8 and S-100 machines was the bus; the H8 used a 50-pin bus design that was smaller, more robust and better engineered electrically. The machine also included a bootstrap ROM that made it easier to start up, including code for running basic input\/output and allowing input through a front-mounted octal keypad and front panel display instead of the binary switches and lights used on machines like the Altair 8800. The H8 was a successful design but required a separate terminal to be truly useful; Heathkit introduced several terminals as well.<br><br>Bruce Stuck built this unit as a kit in 1978. He wrote &#8220;When at the Letterman Army Institute of Research in San Francisco, we used an H-8 to detect and determine position of a moving target on a terrain board simulator and acquire quite a bit of pursuit tracking performance data as degraded by various levels (and wavelengths of laser glare). We used the CPM operating system as opposed to HDOS.&#8221;<br><br>In December 2017, John Sutley restored the machine to working condition. He cleaned the contacts on the power switches, replaces some capacitors in the disk drives, and replaced some 7400 series TTL chips that drive the LED display.<br><br>We have a large amount of original documentation and software<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use.jpg\" data-description=\"IBM Card Sorter Company: IBMGallery: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/osr\/albums\/72157630918259948\/&quot;&gt;Pictures of 83 Sorter&lt;\/a&gt;The IBM 83 sorts 1000 cards per minute. The basic operation of the card sorter takes a punched card, uses mechanical sensors, examines a single column and places the card into the corresponding pocket. There are twelve rows on a punch card and thirteen pockets in the sorter. One sorter pocket is for &quot;reject&quot; cards (without a punch or sorter feed errors)Cards pass through the sorter face down with the bottom edge (&quot;9-edge&quot;) first. A single small metal brush is positioned so as each card goes through the sorter, a single column passes under the brush. When a hole in that column is detected, an electric circuit is formed directing the card to the correct pocket.Multiple column sorting is done by first sorting the least significant column, then proceeding column by column to the most significant column. This is a &quot;radix sort.&quot;Numbers have one punch per column in rows 0-9. A numeric column can be sorted in a single pass through the sorter.Alphabetizing is handled by sorting cards twice on the same column. The first sort is on rows 1-9, then on the &quot;zone&quot; rows 12,11, and 0. Operator switches allow zone-sorting by &quot;switching off&quot; rows 1-9 for the second pass of the card for each column.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use-1024x474.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use-1536x711.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/IBM-Card-Sorter-use.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"392\" class=\"wp-image-392 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">IBM Card Sorter <br><br>Company: IBM<br>Gallery: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Pictures of 83 Sorter<\/mark><br><br>The IBM 83 sorts 1000 cards per minute. The basic operation of the card sorter takes a punched card, uses mechanical sensors, examines a single column and places the card into the corresponding pocket. There are twelve rows on a punch card and thirteen pockets in the sorter. One sorter pocket is for &#8220;reject&#8221; cards (without a punch or sorter feed errors)<br><br>Cards pass through the sorter face down with the bottom edge (&#8220;9-edge&#8221;) first. A single small metal brush is positioned so as each card goes through the sorter, a single column passes under the brush. When a hole in that column is detected, an electric circuit is formed directing the card to the correct pocket.<br><br>Multiple column sorting is done by first sorting the least significant column, then proceeding column by column to the most significant column. This is a &#8220;radix sort.&#8221;<br><br>Numbers have one punch per column in rows 0-9. A numeric column can be sorted in a single pass through the sorter.<br><br>Alphabetizing is handled by sorting cards twice on the same column. The first sort is on rows 1-9, then on the &#8220;zone&#8221; rows 12,11, and 0. Operator switches allow zone-sorting by &#8220;switching off&#8221; rows 1-9 for the second pass of the card for each column.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica.jpg\" data-description=\"Enigma (replica)Date Acquired: Dec 5, 2017Company: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.stgeotronics.com\/&quot;&gt;S&amp;T GeoTronics&lt;\/a&gt;Manual: Book By BJ GleasonThe Enigma cypher machine was used by the Germans to encrypt (and decrypt) military messages. The original machine was patented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918, the German military started using various versions in 1926.This modern replica emulates the M4 model that was used by the German navy beginning in 1942.Mr. BJ Gleason was a Kickstarter backer of the Open Enigma. He went on to write the manual for the unit. This unit was acquired from his widow.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica.jpg\" width=\"1000\" height=\"1000\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Enigma-replica-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\"data-id=\"394\" class=\"wp-image-394 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Enigma (replica)<br><br>Date Acquired: Dec 5, 2017<br><br>Company: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">S&amp;T GeoTronics<\/mark><br><br>Manual: Book By BJ Gleason<br><br>The Enigma cypher machine was used by the Germans to encrypt (and decrypt) military messages. The original machine was patented by Arthur Scherbius in 1918, the German military started using various versions in 1926.<br><br>This modern replica emulates the M4 model that was used by the German navy beginning in 1942.<br><br>Mr. BJ Gleason was a Kickstarter backer of the Open Enigma. He went on to write the manual for the unit. This unit was acquired from his widow.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1.jpg\" data-description=\"Comspace CT-650Company: Comspace Corp.Designer: Irving BeckerPrice: $1000The Computer Trainer Model 650 (named also CT-650), developed by Irving Becker, was one of the earliest digital personal computers. Some sources list this computer as the Arkay CT-650, because like many who were involved with early computers, Irving Becker started off in radio and from 1945 was an owner of a company, specialized in manufacturing of radio kits\u2014Arkay (after Radio Kits) International Co., located in Hicksville, NY. By the time that this computer was offered however, Becker has already changed (in 1965) the name of the company from Arkay International Co. to Comspace Corp.By the 1960\u2019s Irving Becker was developing many educational products, including the digital computer CT-650 and a cardboard kit for Bell Laboratories, called CARDIAC (a reference to its cardboard construction and the names of other kits like the popular Simon, Brainiac and Geniac of Edmund Berkeley).Irving was dedicated to education and even made a special version of the CT-650 that was made for blind students. Aside from Braille lettering, the bulbs under each light were extra strong so as to generate more heat, that way the student could \u201cread\u201d the results by feeling which lights were lit.The CT-650 is sometimes called the paperclip computer, which is a reference to a very interesting 1967 book from Edward Alcosser, James P. Phillips and Allen M. Wolk (see the nearby image), entitled How To Build A Working Digital Computer. The book describes how to make a simple digital computer out of things one might find around the house, such as tin cans (for drum memory), screws, paperclips (for switches) and even wooden spools of thread. The design of the CT-650 seems to have relied on the book&#039;s plans and, therefore, it is called the paperclip computer.The computer is 54&quot; in length by 22&quot; in depth. Due to its educational destination, it has six clearly labeled sections:Input Unit\u2014accepts numerical inputs in decimal form and converts these to binary or binary coded decimal (BSD) formArithmetic Unit\u2014performs binary arithmetic and processing functions as directed by the computer programControl Unit\u2014interprets the programmed instructions and directs sequence of operations for all computer unitsOutput Unit\u2014converts problem solutions from binary or BCD form to decimal form and displays them Core Memory\u2014simulates a core memory, used in storing data while solving a problemProgram Drum\u2014performs as magnetic drum memory and is used to store the programThe CT-650 is easily programmed and has a versatile instruction set. The users may write their own programs, or oder existing or new programs from a library, called the Arkay Program Library.A small number of CT-650 devices were sold, the price was about $1000.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1-1024x658.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"658\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1-768x493.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Comspace_CT-650_1-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"398\" class=\"wp-image-398 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Comspace CT-650<br><br>Company: Comspace Corp.<br><br>Designer: Irving Becker<br><br>Price: $1000<br><br>The Computer Trainer Model 650 (named also CT-650), developed by Irving Becker, was one of the earliest digital personal computers. Some sources list this computer as the Arkay CT-650, because like many who were involved with early computers, Irving Becker started off in radio and from 1945 was an owner of a company, specialized in manufacturing of radio kits\u2014Arkay (after Radio Kits) International Co., located in Hicksville, NY. By the time that this computer was offered however, Becker has already changed (in 1965) the name of the company from Arkay International Co. to Comspace Corp.<br><br>By the 1960\u2019s Irving Becker was developing many educational products, including the digital computer CT-650 and a cardboard kit for Bell Laboratories, called CARDIAC (a reference to its cardboard construction and the names of other kits like the popular Simon, Brainiac and Geniac of Edmund Berkeley).<br><br>Irving was dedicated to education and even made a special version of the CT-650 that was made for blind students. Aside from Braille lettering, the bulbs under each light were extra strong so as to generate more heat, that way the student could \u201cread\u201d the results by feeling which lights were lit.<br><br>The CT-650 is sometimes called the paperclip computer, which is a reference to a very interesting 1967 book from Edward Alcosser, James P. Phillips and Allen M. Wolk (see the nearby image), entitled How To Build A Working Digital Computer. The book describes how to make a simple digital computer out of things one might find around the house, such as tin cans (for drum memory), screws, paperclips (for switches) and even wooden spools of thread. The design of the CT-650 seems to have relied on the book&#8217;s plans and, therefore, it is called the paperclip computer.<br><br>The computer is 54&#8243; in length by 22&#8243; in depth. Due to its educational destination, it has six clearly labeled sections:<br><br>Input Unit\u2014accepts numerical inputs in decimal form and converts these to binary or binary coded decimal (BSD) form<br>Arithmetic Unit\u2014performs binary arithmetic and processing functions as directed by the computer program<br>Control Unit\u2014interprets the programmed instructions and directs sequence of operations for all computer units<br>Output Unit\u2014converts problem solutions from binary or BCD form to decimal form and displays them Core Memory\u2014simulates a core memory, used in storing data while solving a problem<br>Program Drum\u2014performs as magnetic drum memory and is used to store the program<br>The CT-650 is easily programmed and has a versatile instruction set. The users may write their own programs, or oder existing or new programs from a library, called the Arkay Program Library.<br><br>A small number of CT-650 devices were sold, the price was about $1000.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1.jpg\" data-description=\"Altair 8800Advertisement: Altair AdCompany: MITSYear: 1975In the January and February 1975 issues of Popular Electronics (on display in the museum), Ed Roberts of MITS (Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems) wrote about a kit computer he would ship later that year.The Altair 8800 is one of the earliest commercially available personal computers. In 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates (then a student at Harvard) decided to write a programming language to run on the Altair. They wrote a scaled down version of BASIC and thus began Microsoft. MITS was much less fortunate. It never recovered from its cash flow troubles. By 1977, Ed Roberts sold his company and followed his true passion by returning to medicine.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1-1024x683.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Altair-8800-use-1.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"402\" class=\"wp-image-402 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Altair 8800<br><br>Advertisement: Altair Ad<br><br>Company: MITS<br><br>Year: 1975<br><br>In the January and February 1975 issues of Popular Electronics (on display in the museum), Ed Roberts of MITS (Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems) wrote about a kit computer he would ship later that year.<br><br>The Altair 8800 is one of the earliest commercially available personal computers. In 1975, Paul Allen and Bill Gates (then a student at Harvard) decided to write a programming language to run on the Altair. They wrote a scaled down version of BASIC and thus began Microsoft. MITS was much less fortunate. It never recovered from its cash flow troubles. By 1977, Ed Roberts sold his company and followed his true passion by returning to medicine.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica.jpg\" data-description=\"Apple 1 (replica)Processor: MOS Technology 6502 processor @ 1.023 MHzCompany: Apple ComputerMemory: 4K RAM (could be expanded to 8K)Designer: Steve WozniakPrice: $666.66Year: 1976The Apple I was developed by Steve Wozniack, Steve Jobs, and Ron Wayne in Wozniack\u2019s home in Los Altos, California. Wozniack built the circuit board, Wayne wrote the operation manual, and Jobs advertised the Apple I. It was first demoed on May 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club. Byte Shop\u2019s owner, Paul Terell promised to buy 50 of the first fully assembled computers for $500.00 each. Later the Apple I sold for $666.66 before it was replaced by the Apple II which was a more practical and user friendly model.The Apple 1 computer in our collection is a modern working replica. Steve Wozniak&#039;s signature is genuine.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica-1024x1024.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Apple-1-replica.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"404\" class=\"wp-image-404 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Apple 1 (replica)<br><br>Processor: MOS Technology 6502 processor @ 1.023 MHz<br><br>Company: Apple Computer<br><br>Memory: 4K RAM (could be expanded to 8K)<br><br>Designer: Steve Wozniak<br><br>Price: $666.66<br><br>Year: 1976<br><br>The Apple I was developed by Steve Wozniack, Steve Jobs, and Ron Wayne in Wozniack\u2019s home in Los Altos, California. Wozniack built the circuit board, Wayne wrote the operation manual, and Jobs advertised the Apple I. It was first demoed on May 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club. Byte Shop\u2019s owner, Paul Terell promised to buy 50 of the first fully assembled computers for $500.00 each. Later the Apple I sold for $666.66 before it was replaced by the Apple II which was a more practical and user friendly model.<br><br>The Apple 1 computer in our collection is a modern working replica. Steve Wozniak&#8217;s signature is genuine.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer.jpg\" data-description=\"Sol-20 Terminal ComputerOperating System: BASIC, CP\/MProcessor: Intel 8080, 2.0 MHzCompany: Processor Technology CorporationDesigner: Lee FelsensteinPrice: $1,000 kit, $2,000 assembledYear: 1976The SOL-20 was probably the first PC to incorprate a keyboard and video with the machine. This form factor obviously became the norm when the Apple II debuted a year or more laterThe SOL also included ROM &quot;personality modules&quot; that allowed the computer to have some native code at power on. Other than that, however, the SOL-20 was a fairly typical S-100 system in a different package.See also : Helios II\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer-1024x474.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer-1536x711.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Sol-20-Terminal-Computer.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"406\" class=\"wp-image-406 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Sol-20 Terminal Computer<br><br>Operating System: BASIC, CP\/M<br><br>Processor: Intel 8080, 2.0 MHz<br><br>Company: Processor Technology Corporation<br><br>Designer: Lee Felsenstein<br><br>Price: $1,000 kit, $2,000 assembled<br><br>Year: 1976<br><br>The SOL-20 was probably the first PC to incorprate a keyboard and video with the machine. This form factor obviously became the norm when the Apple II debuted a year or more later<br><br>The SOL also included ROM &#8220;personality modules&#8221; that allowed the computer to have some native code at power on. Other than that, however, the SOL-20 was a fairly typical S-100 system in a different package.<br><br>See also : Helios II<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II.jpg\" data-description=\"Helios IIOperating System: BASIC\/5, FOCALCompany: Processor Technology CorporationDesigner: Lee FelsensteinYear: 1976Manual: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.sol20.org\/articles\/img\/Processor_Technology_Helios_II_1978_02.pdf&quot;&gt;Helios II Disk Memory System - 1978&lt;\/a&gt;The Helios II is a floppy disk drive unit system which uses a unique recording technique known as &quot;firm&quot; sectoring. Under optimum conditions each diskette can store 384,000 bytes of information.That&#039;s over 3\/4 million bytes on line with each Helios dual drive. Firm sectoring also allows faster data access and variable block sizes.Up to four dual drives (8 diskettes) can be accessed by the system, so that over 3,000,000 bytes of data are online.See also: Sol-20 Terminal Computer\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II-1024x474.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"474\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II-1024x474.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II-1536x711.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Helios-II.jpg 1728w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"408\" class=\"wp-image-408 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Helios II<br><br>Operating System: BASIC\/5, FOCAL<br><br>Company: Processor Technology Corporation<br><br>Designer: Lee Felsenstein<br><br>Year: 1976<br><br>Manual: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Helios II Disk Memory System &#8211; 1978<\/mark><br><br>The Helios II is a floppy disk drive unit system which uses a unique recording technique known as &#8220;firm&#8221; sectoring. Under optimum conditions each diskette can store 384,000 bytes of information.<br><br>That&#8217;s over 3\/4 million bytes on line with each Helios dual drive. Firm sectoring also allows faster data access and variable block sizes.<br><br>Up to four dual drives (8 diskettes) can be accessed by the system, so that over 3,000,000 bytes of data are online.<br><br>See also: Sol-20 Terminal Computer<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m.jpg\" data-description=\"PDP-8mCompany: Digital Equipment CorporationDesigner: Edson de CastroPrice: $5,000Year: 1972The original PDP-8 model (informally known as a &quot;Straight-8&quot;) was the a 12-bit system and became first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by DEC. Over 50,000 systems were sold, starting in 1965 when it was first introduced. The PDP-8 model used diode\u2013transistor logic packaged on flip chip cards and was about the size of a small household refrigerator.This was followed in 1966 by the PDP-8\/S, available in desktop and rack-mount models. Using a one-bit serial arithmetic logic unit (ALU) implementation, allowed the PDP-8\/S to be smaller, less expensive and slower than the original PDP-8. The PDP-8\/S was about 20% of the cost and about 10% of the performance of the PDP-8.[9] The only mass storage peripheral available for the PDP-8\/S was the DF32 disk.Later systems (the PDP-8\/I and \/L, the PDP-8\/E, \/F, and \/M, and the PDP-8\/A) returned to a faster, fully parallel implementation but use much less costly transistor-transistor logic (TTL) MSI logic. Most surviving PDP-8s are from this era. The PDP-8\/E is common, and well-regarded because so many types of I\/O devices were available for it. It was often configured as a general-purpose computer. This model, the PDP-8\/M, was indeed a faster, smaller, and less expensive version of the original.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m-1024x588.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"588\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m-1024x588.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m-300x172.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m-768x441.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/PDP8m.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"410\" class=\"wp-image-410 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">PDP-8m<br><br>Company: Digital Equipment Corporation<br><br>Designer: Edson de Castro<br><br>Price: $5,000<br><br>Year: 1972<br><br>The original PDP-8 model (informally known as a &#8220;Straight-8&#8221;) was the a 12-bit system and became first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by DEC. Over 50,000 systems were sold, starting in 1965 when it was first introduced. The PDP-8 model used diode\u2013transistor logic packaged on flip chip cards and was about the size of a small household refrigerator.<br><br>This was followed in 1966 by the PDP-8\/S, available in desktop and rack-mount models. Using a one-bit serial arithmetic logic unit (ALU) implementation, allowed the PDP-8\/S to be smaller, less expensive and slower than the original PDP-8. The PDP-8\/S was about 20% of the cost and about 10% of the performance of the PDP-8.[9] The only mass storage peripheral available for the PDP-8\/S was the DF32 disk.<br><br>Later systems (the PDP-8\/I and \/L, the PDP-8\/E, \/F, and \/M, and the PDP-8\/A) returned to a faster, fully parallel implementation but use much less costly transistor-transistor logic (TTL) MSI logic. Most surviving PDP-8s are from this era. The PDP-8\/E is common, and well-regarded because so many types of I\/O devices were available for it. It was often configured as a general-purpose computer. This model, the PDP-8\/M, was indeed a faster, smaller, and less expensive version of the original.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4.jpg\" data-description=\"Vector 4 Processor: Zilog Z80 and Intel 8088Company: Vector GraphicDesigner: Robert HarpPrice: $200Year: 1982The Vector 4 was able to run both CP\/M and DOS, being equipped with both Z80 and 8088 processors, and featured high resolution graphics. It had a hard sectored floppy. Later a soft sectored model became available so that it was more compatible with prevailing standards.The Vector 4 was accidentally pre-announced in April 1982, the same month that founder and chief hardware designer Robert Harp left the company after a dispute with co-founder (and wife) Lore Harp over control of the company.The early announcement of the Vector 4, which had a separate keyboard tethered to the computer (as opposed to a combined keyboard and terminal) resulted in a sharp decrease in sales of the Vector 3 as customers delayed purchases up to six months until the new product was available.In addition, the company had decided to use the CP\/M operating system in the Vector 4, which they considered a superior operating system than MDOS; management recognized the nature of their gamble, as IBM would move the market in a different direction if it elected to use the DOS operating system for their competing product, the IBM 8080.The gamble did not pay off, and by the end of 1984 Lore Harp was gone and venture capital investors took over. By summer 1985 only three dozen employees remained, down from a peak of 425 workers in 1982.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4-1024x1024.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/vector4.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"424\" class=\"wp-image-424 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Vector 4 <br><br>Processor: Zilog Z80 and Intel 8088<br><br>Company: Vector Graphic<br><br>Designer: Robert Harp<br><br>Price: $200<br><br>Year: 1982<br><br>The Vector 4 was able to run both CP\/M and DOS, being equipped with both Z80 and 8088 processors, and featured high resolution graphics. It had a hard sectored floppy. Later a soft sectored model became available so that it was more compatible with prevailing standards.<br><br>The Vector 4 was accidentally pre-announced in April 1982, the same month that founder and chief hardware designer Robert Harp left the company after a dispute with co-founder (and wife) Lore Harp over control of the company.<br><br>The early announcement of the Vector 4, which had a separate keyboard tethered to the computer (as opposed to a combined keyboard and terminal) resulted in a sharp decrease in sales of the Vector 3 as customers delayed purchases up to six months until the new product was available.<br><br>In addition, the company had decided to use the CP\/M operating system in the Vector 4, which they considered a superior operating system than MDOS; management recognized the nature of their gamble, as IBM would move the market in a different direction if it elected to use the DOS operating system for their competing product, the IBM 8080.<br><br>The gamble did not pay off, and by the end of 1984 Lore Harp was gone and venture capital investors took over. By summer 1985 only three dozen employees remained, down from a peak of 425 workers in 1982.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800.jpg\" data-description=\"Intel Intellect MDS-800Processor: Intel 8080 and co-processor Intel 8080 I\/O dedicatedCompany: IntelMemory: Up to 64 KB (RAM), 2 KB Boot (ROM), 2 KB (Monitor)Year: 1975The Intellec Microcomputer Development Systems (MDS) were complete computers intended for the development of Intel microcomputer based products. They included a main unit with CPU, RAM, ROM, I\/O and interrupt circuitry, as well as all necessary software: Assembler, linker, and debugger.Optional EPROM programmer and In-Circuit Emulator (ICE) allowed real-time emulation and diagnostics into user configured system before saving final program into an EPROM.The Intellec MDS was launched in around 1975. It featured an 8080 processor and could implement MCS-80 (8080) based computers and Intel Series 3000 systems. The main unit needed a Serial video terminal or an ASR-33 Teletype to be connected, as well as a paper tape puncher\/ reader and\/or floppy drive unit. Siemens sold in Germany a local version of the first Intellec called SME-800.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800-1024x1024.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Intel-Intellect-MDS-800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"427\" class=\"wp-image-427 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Intel Intellect MDS-800<br><br>Processor: Intel 8080 and co-processor Intel 8080 I\/O dedicated<br><br>Company: Intel<br><br>Memory: Up to 64 KB (RAM), 2 KB Boot (ROM), 2 KB (Monitor)<br><br>Year: 1975<br><br>The Intellec Microcomputer Development Systems (MDS) were complete computers intended for the development of Intel microcomputer based products. They included a main unit with CPU, RAM, ROM, I\/O and interrupt circuitry, as well as all necessary software: Assembler, linker, and debugger.<br><br>Optional EPROM programmer and In-Circuit Emulator (ICE) allowed real-time emulation and diagnostics into user configured system before saving final program into an EPROM.<br><br>The Intellec MDS was launched in around 1975. It featured an 8080 processor and could implement MCS-80 (8080) based computers and Intel Series 3000 systems. The main unit needed a Serial video terminal or an ASR-33 Teletype to be connected, as well as a paper tape puncher\/ reader and\/or floppy drive unit. Siemens sold in Germany a local version of the first Intellec called SME-800.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/HP-1000.jpg\" data-description=\"HP-1000Company: HPMemory: CMOS chipsYear: 1975This early HP mini-computer was a technological first, the first mini-computer relying on semiconductor memory (CMOS chips from then new startup Intel), instead of the magnetic core memory used in 1950-1960&#039;s computers. Logic is made of individual TTL circuit gates and some CuTL (the first integrated circuit series that was used in the Apollo Moon mission computer), carried over from the HP 2100 it replaced. And yes, it has blinkenlights on the front panel!These interrupt-driven, I\/O rich, DMA equipped, 16 bit computers were very good for real time, control and measurement applications. They have literally hundreds of I\/O interface card options available, which makes them ideal to run a large range of interesting vintage peripherals, from 9 track mag tape to paper tape punches to card readers to TTYs to HP test instruments. The series 1000 was not obsoleted until 1989.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/HP-1000.jpg\" width=\"1000\" height=\"660\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/HP-1000.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/HP-1000.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/HP-1000.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/HP-1000-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/HP-1000-768x507.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\"data-id=\"430\" class=\"wp-image-430 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">HP-1000<br><br>Company: HP<br><br>Memory: CMOS chips<br><br>Year: 1975<br><br>This early HP mini-computer was a technological first, the first mini-computer relying on semiconductor memory (CMOS chips from then new startup Intel), instead of the magnetic core memory used in 1950-1960&#8217;s computers. Logic is made of individual TTL circuit gates and some CuTL (the first integrated circuit series that was used in the Apollo Moon mission computer), carried over from the HP 2100 it replaced. And yes, it has blinkenlights on the front panel!<br><br>These interrupt-driven, I\/O rich, DMA equipped, 16 bit computers were very good for real time, control and measurement applications. They have literally hundreds of I\/O interface card options available, which makes them ideal to run a large range of interesting vintage peripherals, from 9 track mag tape to paper tape punches to card readers to TTYs to HP test instruments. The series 1000 was not obsoleted until 1989.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820.jpg\" data-description=\"Xerox 820Processor: Zilog Z80 at 2.5 MHzOperating System: CP\/MCompany: XeroxMemory: 64 kiB (RAM)The Model 820 is an attempt from Rank Xerox to enter the professional micro-computer market. But the 820 is a bit weak with its Z80 at only 2,5 Mhz and its 96kb 5&#039;&#039;1\/4 disk-drives (83k formated). Fortunately higher capacity 8&#039;&#039; disk-drives were also available (300 kb each). Apparently a 10Mb hard-disk was also proposed.The communication was focused on the fact that the Xerox 820 could suit to a lot of professions, and indeed, thanks to its CP\/M compatibility a lot of different software was available (Wordprocessor, Supercalc, AGIS billing, SAARI, Wordstar 3.0, Mailmerge 3.0, Supersort 1.6, Calcstar, Infostar 1.0, FIGARO hair-dresser management, etc...).Xerox chose CP\/M for the computer because of the large software library for the operating system. Dealers reportedly were pleased to sell a computer from a well-known Fortune 500 company but the Rosen Electronics Letter unfavorably reviewed the 820 in June 1981, describing it as a disappointing, &quot;me too&quot; product for a leading technology company like Xerox. In November it stated that the new IBM PC was much more attractive.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820-1024x1024.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/xerox-820.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"432\" class=\"wp-image-432 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Xerox 820<br><br>Processor: Zilog Z80 at 2.5 MHz<br><br>Operating System: CP\/M<br><br>Company: Xerox<br><br>Memory: 64 kiB (RAM)<br><br>The Model 820 is an attempt from Rank Xerox to enter the professional micro-computer market. But the 820 is a bit weak with its Z80 at only 2,5 Mhz and its 96kb 5&#8221;1\/4 disk-drives (83k formated). Fortunately higher capacity 8&#8221; disk-drives were also available (300 kb each). Apparently a 10Mb hard-disk was also proposed.<br><br>The communication was focused on the fact that the Xerox 820 could suit to a lot of professions, and indeed, thanks to its CP\/M compatibility a lot of different software was available (Wordprocessor, Supercalc, AGIS billing, SAARI, Wordstar 3.0, Mailmerge 3.0, Supersort 1.6, Calcstar, Infostar 1.0, FIGARO hair-dresser management, etc&#8230;).<br><br>Xerox chose CP\/M for the computer because of the large software library for the operating system. Dealers reportedly were pleased to sell a computer from a well-known Fortune 500 company but the Rosen Electronics Letter unfavorably reviewed the 820 in June 1981, describing it as a disappointing, &#8220;me too&#8221; product for a leading technology company like Xerox. In November it stated that the new IBM PC was much more attractive.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-2.jpg\" data-description=\"Data General Nova 2Company: Digital General (DG)Memory: 32 KB, access time 0.8 usDesigner: Edson de CastroPrice: $4000Year: 1973the first 16-bit computer in the &quot;NOVA&quot; series was ready for the market. Thanks to the simpler production method (no wire wrapping, only two boards + memory boards etc.) the basic version was quite inexpensive at $4000.However, this basic model alone wasn&#039;t really that useful, and after extending the computer the total price was substantially higher. The Nova computer was advertised as &quot;the best small computer in the world&quot;. At this time, DEC was still building the PDP-8\/I and the PDP-12, which required lots of very small flip-chip-modules.The successor model (available in 1973), the NOVA 2, was simplified even further, and the increased chip density made it possible to have the whole processor together with the control logic for slow peripheral devices (teletype, paper tape puncher and reader) one single board. Our Nova is a NOVA 2\/10 model with slots for 10 boards, and therefore enough space for quite a few device controllers and memory extensions.From today&#039;s perspective, the rather huge boards (15x15 inch, nicknamed &quot;circuit graveyards in baking tray size&quot;) do have disadvantages: any kind of repair is very difficult, because it is not possible to pin down a malfunction by exchanging small boards.The NOVA shown in the picture is from a university. It is equipped with two harddisk drives, one twin floppy drive (8&quot; disks!), one teletype, one high-speed paper tape punch reader and one punch card reader (not in the picture). Later on a terminal was added, which extended the computer to a comfortably usable system.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-2.jpg\" width=\"976\" height=\"679\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-2.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-2.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-2.jpg 976w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-2-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-2-768x534.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 976px) 100vw, 976px\"data-id=\"435\" class=\"wp-image-435 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Data General Nova 2<br><br>Company: Digital General (DG)<br><br>Memory: 32 KB, access time 0.8 us<br><br>Designer: Edson de Castro<br><br>Price: $4000<br><br>Year: 1973<br><br>the first 16-bit computer in the &#8220;NOVA&#8221; series was ready for the market. Thanks to the simpler production method (no wire wrapping, only two boards + memory boards etc.) the basic version was quite inexpensive at $4000.<br><br>However, this basic model alone wasn&#8217;t really that useful, and after extending the computer the total price was substantially higher. The Nova computer was advertised as &#8220;the best small computer in the world&#8221;. At this time, DEC was still building the PDP-8\/I and the PDP-12, which required lots of very small flip-chip-modules.<br><br>The successor model (available in 1973), the NOVA 2, was simplified even further, and the increased chip density made it possible to have the whole processor together with the control logic for slow peripheral devices (teletype, paper tape puncher and reader) one single board. Our Nova is a NOVA 2\/10 model with slots for 10 boards, and therefore enough space for quite a few device controllers and memory extensions.<br><br>From today&#8217;s perspective, the rather huge boards (15&#215;15 inch, nicknamed &#8220;circuit graveyards in baking tray size&#8221;) do have disadvantages: any kind of repair is very difficult, because it is not possible to pin down a malfunction by exchanging small boards.<br><br>The NOVA shown in the picture is from a university. It is equipped with two harddisk drives, one twin floppy drive (8&#8243; disks!), one teletype, one high-speed paper tape punch reader and one punch card reader (not in the picture). Later on a terminal was added, which extended the computer to a comfortably usable system.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3.jpg\" data-description=\"Data General Nova 3Company: Digital General (DG)Designer: Edson de CastroPrice: $3,995 - $7,995Year: 1969The Data General Nova was a popular 16-bit minicomputer released by the American company Data General in 1968. The Nova was packaged into a single rack mount case and had enough power to do most simple computing tasks. The Nova became popular in science laboratories around the world. It was succeeded by the Data General Eclipse, which was similar in most ways but added virtual memory support and other features required by modern operating systems.DG released the Nova in 1969 at a base price of US$3,995, advertising it as &quot;the best small computer in the world.&quot; The basic model was not very useful out of the box, and adding RAM in the form of core memory typically brought the price up to $7,995. Starting in 1969, Data General shipped a total of 50,000 Novas at $8000 each. The Nova\u2019s biggest competition was from the new DEC PDP-11 computer series, and to a lesser extent the older DEC PDP-8 systems. The Nova became popular in scientific and laboratory uses.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3-1024x679.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3-1536x1018.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Data-General-Nova-3.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"437\" class=\"wp-image-437 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Data General Nova 3<br><br>Company: Digital General (DG)<br><br>Designer: Edson de Castro<br><br>Price: $3,995 &#8211; $7,995<br><br>Year: 1969<br><br>The Data General Nova was a popular 16-bit minicomputer released by the American company Data General in 1968. The Nova was packaged into a single rack mount case and had enough power to do most simple computing tasks. The Nova became popular in science laboratories around the world. It was succeeded by the Data General Eclipse, which was similar in most ways but added virtual memory support and other features required by modern operating systems.<br><br>DG released the Nova in 1969 at a base price of US$3,995, advertising it as &#8220;the best small computer in the world.&#8221; The basic model was not very useful out of the box, and adding RAM in the form of core memory typically brought the price up to $7,995. Starting in 1969, Data General shipped a total of 50,000 Novas at $8000 each. The Nova\u2019s biggest competition was from the new DEC PDP-11 computer series, and to a lesser extent the older DEC PDP-8 systems. The Nova became popular in scientific and laboratory uses.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder.jpg\" data-description=\"2-bit Binary AdderMaterial: Arduino Mega, EL wire, El Escudo Dos board, toggle switches, LEDs, and 7-segment LED on an acrylic sheetCompany: System SourceDesigner: Bob Roswell and Aubrey QuasneyYear: 2015This hands-on display demonstrates how logic gates (AND, XOR, OR) can be used to perform addition. The user turns switches on or off representing binary numbers, and the logic will calculate the sum of the numbers. Ordinary diagrams of adding circuits make the user track the state of the gates, but we have used EL wire that glows when a voltage runs through it to show if there is a 0 or a 1 on a particular trace of the circuit.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder-1024x512.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/2-bit-Binary-Adder.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"459\" class=\"wp-image-459 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">2-bit Binary Adder<br><br>Material: Arduino Mega, EL wire, El Escudo Dos board, toggle switches, LEDs, and 7-segment LED on an acrylic sheet<br><br>Company: System Source<br><br>Designer: Bob Roswell and Aubrey Quasney<br><br>Year: 2015<br><br>This hands-on display demonstrates how logic gates (AND, XOR, OR) can be used to perform addition. The user turns switches on or off representing binary numbers, and the logic will calculate the sum of the numbers. Ordinary diagrams of adding circuits make the user track the state of the gates, but we have used EL wire that glows when a voltage runs through it to show if there is a 0 or a 1 on a particular trace of the circuit.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1.jpg\" data-description=\"MinivacAdvertisement: Minivac AdCompany: Scientific Development CompanyPrice: $85Year: 1961The Minivac 601 Digital Computer Kit was an electromechanical digital computer created by Claude Shannon. The kit was sold by Scientific Development Corporation as early as 1961 as an educational kit for digital circuits. It used electrical relays as logic switches and for storage. It had a six-bit binary input\/output array consisting of simple switches and indicator lights and a dial to input decimal numbers. Its design just barely allowed it to play winning Tic-Tac-Toe.Our Minivac was donated by Dr. Richard Taylor, a System Source client. He received it as a gift for his Bar Mitzvah.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1-1024x512.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Minivac-1.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"463\" class=\"wp-image-463 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Minivac<br><br>Advertisement: Minivac Ad<br><br>Company: Scientific Development Company<br><br>Price: $85<br><br>Year: 1961<br><br>The Minivac 601 Digital Computer Kit was an electromechanical digital computer created by Claude Shannon. The kit was sold by Scientific Development Corporation as early as 1961 as an educational kit for digital circuits. It used electrical relays as logic switches and for storage. It had a six-bit binary input\/output array consisting of simple switches and indicator lights and a dial to input decimal numbers. Its design just barely allowed it to play winning Tic-Tac-Toe.<br><br>Our Minivac was donated by Dr. Richard Taylor, a System Source client. He received it as a gift for his Bar Mitzvah.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Digi-Comp ICompany: ESRPrice: $4.99Year: 1963In the mid-1960s, most children had never seen an electronic computer. However, they heard stories of these powerful, giant instruments and knew they were associated with space flight. This toy computer brought the mathematical principles of the digital computer into the home.The manual describes problems that could be set up, including a basic diagnostic check, counting down from 7 to 1 in binary, logical riddles and the game of NIM. There is a special piece used to represent the logical operation &quot;or.&quot; The toy was made by E.S.R., Inc. of Orange and Montclair, New Jersey.It sold for about $5.This was the first computer of our Curator, Bob Roswell!Also see:The Amazing Dr. NimThink-a-Dot\" data-alt=\"Digi-Comp I (alt text)\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use-1024x512.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" alt=\"Digi-Comp I (alt text)\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digicomp-use.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"465\" class=\"wp-image-465 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Digi-Comp I<br><br>Company: ESR<br><br>Price: $4.99<br><br>Year: 1963<br><br>In the mid-1960s, most children had never seen an electronic computer. However, they heard stories of these powerful, giant instruments and knew they were associated with space flight. This toy computer brought the mathematical principles of the digital computer into the home.<br><br>The manual describes problems that could be set up, including a basic diagnostic check, counting down from 7 to 1 in binary, logical riddles and the game of NIM. There is a special piece used to represent the logical operation &#8220;or.&#8221; The toy was made by E.S.R., Inc. of Orange and Montclair, New Jersey.<br><br>It sold for about $5.<br><br>This was the first computer of our Curator, Bob Roswell!<br><br>Also see:<br><br>The Amazing Dr. Nim<br>Think-a-Dot<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Think-a-DotCompany: E.S.R. Inc.Designer: Joseph A. WeisbeckerYear: 1966Think-a-Dot has an upright frame with three openings at the top, into which you can drop a marble. The marble travels through and drops out the bottom. There are eight dots on the front of the frame, in rows of three, two, and three, and they are yellow or blue. They indicate the state of a flip-flop gate inside the frame. If a marble reaches a gate, it is deflected either left or right depending on the state of the gate, and as the marble passes, the gate will flip over to the other state.At the start you tilt the frame to the right (or left), so that all the gates face the same way. The four corner gates are coloured differently than the rest, so the corner dots will be yellow, and the rest blue (or vice versa if you tilted it to the left). Given a particular target pattern of dots, the aim is to drop the marble into the holes at the top until the target pattern is reached, preferably in as few moves as possible.This puzzle was made by E.S.R. Inc. in around 1966. Its patent, US 3,388,483, was filed by Joseph A. Weisbecker in July 21, 1966, and granted June 18, 1968. The letters E.S.R. stand for Education Science Research (not Edmund Scientific as is sometimes thought) and they made several fascinating contraptions:Digi-Comp 1Dr. Nim\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use-1024x512.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-dot-use.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"469\" class=\"wp-image-469 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Think-a-Dot<br><br>Company: E.S.R. Inc.<br><br>Designer: Joseph A. Weisbecker<br><br>Year: 1966<br><br>Think-a-Dot has an upright frame with three openings at the top, into which you can drop a marble. The marble travels through and drops out the bottom. There are eight dots on the front of the frame, in rows of three, two, and three, and they are yellow or blue. They indicate the state of a flip-flop gate inside the frame. If a marble reaches a gate, it is deflected either left or right depending on the state of the gate, and as the marble passes, the gate will flip over to the other state.<br><br>At the start you tilt the frame to the right (or left), so that all the gates face the same way. The four corner gates are coloured differently than the rest, so the corner dots will be yellow, and the rest blue (or vice versa if you tilted it to the left). Given a particular target pattern of dots, the aim is to drop the marble into the holes at the top until the target pattern is reached, preferably in as few moves as possible.<br><br>This puzzle was made by E.S.R. Inc. in around 1966. Its patent, US 3,388,483, was filed by Joseph A. Weisbecker in July 21, 1966, and granted June 18, 1968. The letters E.S.R. stand for Education Science Research (not Edmund Scientific as is sometimes thought) and they made several fascinating contraptions:<br><br>Digi-Comp 1<br>Dr. Nim<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer.jpg\" data-description=\"Multiputer Computational Skills TrainerCompany: Cybernetic Systems IncYear: 1970A computer learning system for training, drill and testing that converts learning tasks into fun games for students of all achievement levels while developing solid skills in arithmetic fundamentals.The device works like a trivia game on basic math operations:AdditionSubstractionMultiplicationDivision\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer-1024x512.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Multiputer-Computational-Skills-Trainer.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"471\" class=\"wp-image-471 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Multiputer Computational Skills Trainer<br><br>Company: Cybernetic Systems Inc<br><br>Year: 1970<br><br>A computer learning system for training, drill and testing that converts learning tasks into fun games for students of all achievement levels while developing solid skills in arithmetic fundamentals.<br><br>The device works like a trivia game on basic math operations:<br><br>Addition<br>Substraction<br>Multiplication<br>Division<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Digi-comp IIDesigner: John &quot;Jack&quot; Thomas GodfreyYear: 1965Emulator: https:\/\/museum.syssrc.com\/joda\/Manual: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/cdn2.evilmadscience.com\/KitInstrux\/DCII-manual.pdf&quot;&gt;Instruction Manual&lt;\/a&gt;The Digi-Comp II is a classic 1960&#039;s educational computer kit - an automatic binary digital mechanical computer, capable of conducting basic operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, counting, and more. These operations are all conducted by the action of marbles rolling down a slope, directed by mechanical switches and flip-flops that act as logic gates.In addition to the original plastic version we have:Wooden version designed by &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/shop.evilmadscientist.com\/productsmenu\/375&quot;&gt;Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories&lt;\/a&gt;Lego version created by &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=SYi9sJkS19Q&quot;&gt;Brian Davis&lt;\/a&gt;Online Emulator by Joda Redfearn\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use-1024x683.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Digi-comp-II-use.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"473\" class=\"wp-image-473 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Digi-comp II<br><br>Designer: John &#8220;Jack&#8221; Thomas Godfrey<br><br>Year: 1965<br><br>Emulator: https:\/\/museum.syssrc.com\/joda\/<br><br>Manual: <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Instruction Manual<\/mark><br><br>The Digi-Comp II is a classic 1960&#8217;s educational computer kit &#8211; an automatic binary digital mechanical computer, capable of conducting basic operations like adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, counting, and more. These operations are all conducted by the action of marbles rolling down a slope, directed by mechanical switches and flip-flops that act as logic gates.<br><br>In addition to the original plastic version we have:<br><br>Wooden version designed by <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Evil Mad Scientist Laboratories<\/mark><br>Lego version created by <mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette1)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">Brian Davis<\/mark><br>Online Emulator by Joda Redfearn<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use.jpg\" data-description=\"CES-ED Lab 700Company: CES IndustriesYear: 1980sCES ED-Lab 700 was produced by CES Industries in the 1980s. This analog computer used to train students digital logic and microprocessor basics through problem solving and system experiments. Banana plug jacks were used on its interface. Its many features include: a clock with two 180\u00ba outputs, inverters, flip flops, voltage meter, and LED displays with Boolean logic, Threshold logic, and switches with AND, NAND, NOR, and OR gates. When in use the CES Ed-Lab 700, generates noises and because of this feature it has been used as a synthesizer for musicians.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use-1024x512.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/CES-ED-Lab-700-use-2048x1024.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"475\" class=\"wp-image-475 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">CES-ED Lab 700<br><br>Company: CES Industries<br><br>Year: 1980s<br><br>CES ED-Lab 700 was produced by CES Industries in the 1980s. This analog computer used to train students digital logic and microprocessor basics through problem solving and system experiments. Banana plug jacks were used on its interface. Its many features include: a clock with two 180\u00ba outputs, inverters, flip flops, voltage meter, and LED displays with Boolean logic, Threshold logic, and switches with AND, NAND, NOR, and OR gates. When in use the CES Ed-Lab 700, generates noises and because of this feature it has been used as a synthesizer for musicians.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Think-a-TronCompany: HasbroPrice: $10Year: 1960&quot;The machine that thinks like a man&quot;Did you know Hasbro put a computer in homes in 1967, 10 years before the Timex\/Sinclair and Commodore 64? Well, its true! Meet the Think-A-Tron. Just pop in two &quot;D&quot; batteries, pick a punched computer card with the multiple-choice question (A,B,C, T or F) to be answered. Then feed it to the machine, push the button and the computer starts whirring. Wheels turn, lights flash and within seconds the correct answer appears on the screen! Try getting an answer that fast on the Web!The questions came two to a card covering a variety of subjects. The set came with 150 cards, making 300 potential questions the Think-A-Tron could answer. There was a little holder for each set of 50 cards. You could also buy additional question packs containing 50 cards\/100 questions (all approved by The Book of Knowledge encyclopedia people) about topics like sports and games.The Think-A-Tron is surprisingly affordable. It retailed for around $10 in the sixties. Today, sales and auction sites sell them for $30-$50. They usually work but like most vintage battery-operated toys, the lid for the battery compartment tended to separate from the set. The cards, if not properly stored, would develop curls, making fitting them into the computer difficult.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use-1024x683.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Think-a-tron-use.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"477\" class=\"wp-image-477 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Think-a-Tron<br><br>Company: Hasbro<br><br>Price: $10<br><br>Year: 1960<br><br>&#8220;The machine that thinks like a man&#8221;<br><br>Did you know Hasbro put a computer in homes in 1967, 10 years before the Timex\/Sinclair and Commodore 64? Well, its true! Meet the Think-A-Tron. Just pop in two &#8220;D&#8221; batteries, pick a punched computer card with the multiple-choice question (A,B,C, T or F) to be answered. Then feed it to the machine, push the button and the computer starts whirring. Wheels turn, lights flash and within seconds the correct answer appears on the screen! Try getting an answer that fast on the Web!<br><br>The questions came two to a card covering a variety of subjects. The set came with 150 cards, making 300 potential questions the Think-A-Tron could answer. There was a little holder for each set of 50 cards. You could also buy additional question packs containing 50 cards\/100 questions (all approved by The Book of Knowledge encyclopedia people) about topics like sports and games.<br><br>The Think-A-Tron is surprisingly affordable. It retailed for around $10 in the sixties. Today, sales and auction sites sell them for $30-$50. They usually work but like most vintage battery-operated toys, the lid for the battery compartment tended to separate from the set. The cards, if not properly stored, would develop curls, making fitting them into the computer difficult.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong.jpg\" data-description=\"PongCompany: AtariDesigner: Nolan BushnellYear: Console 1972, Home unit 1975Pong was one of the first computer games created. This simple &quot;tennis-like&quot; game features two paddles and a ball. The goal is to defeat your opponent by being the first one to gain 10 points. A player receives a point once the opponent misses a ball. The game can be played with two human players or one player against a computer controlled paddle. It was originally developed by Allan Alcorn and released in 1972 by Atari. Pong became the first commercially successful game. In 1975, Atari released a home edition of Pong (the first version was played on Arcade machines) which sold 150,000 units. Today, the Pong game is considered to have started the video game industry as it proved this market produced significant revenues.Nolan Bushnell founded Atari in 1972 to create games and ideas and license them to other companies for mass production. Pong was actually a training exercise for one of Atari&#039;s employees - Allan Alcorn. Once it was finished, Nolan made a few adjustments to make the game more interesting (like changing the ball&#039;s return angle) and added simple sound effects. The first Pong Arcade machine was installed at a local bar and was so successful Atari decided to produce and sell the game by themselves, rather then licensing it to other companies. In 1973, the company finally secured a line of credit from Wells Fargo and started an assembly line. By the end of the year, Pong arcade machines were shipped all over the US and other countries. Like other famous games such as Pacman and Tetris, Pong became one of the symbols of computer gaming.Atari sold more then 35,000 Pong machines. This figure is only about one third of the Pong machines sold globally, since many Pong clones appeared shortly after the debut of the original Atari Pong game. Atari chose to compete with the Pong game clones by producing more innovative games such as &quot;Double Pong&quot; which was a pong game with four players, two on each side and a bigger screen.&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/jakesgordon.com\/games\/pong\/&quot;&gt;EMULATOR&lt;\/a&gt;\" data-alt=\"Pong\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong-1024x683.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" alt=\"Pong\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Pong.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"479\" class=\"wp-image-479 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Pong<br><br>Company: Atari<br><br>Designer: Nolan Bushnell<br><br>Year: Console 1972, Home unit 1975<br><br>Pong was one of the first computer games created. This simple &#8220;tennis-like&#8221; game features two paddles and a ball. The goal is to defeat your opponent by being the first one to gain 10 points. A player receives a point once the opponent misses a ball. The game can be played with two human players or one player against a computer controlled paddle. It was originally developed by Allan Alcorn and released in 1972 by Atari. Pong became the first commercially successful game. In 1975, Atari released a home edition of Pong (the first version was played on Arcade machines) which sold 150,000 units. Today, the Pong game is considered to have started the video game industry as it proved this market produced significant revenues.<br><br>Nolan Bushnell founded Atari in 1972 to create games and ideas and license them to other companies for mass production. Pong was actually a training exercise for one of Atari&#8217;s employees &#8211; Allan Alcorn. Once it was finished, Nolan made a few adjustments to make the game more interesting (like changing the ball&#8217;s return angle) and added simple sound effects. The first Pong Arcade machine was installed at a local bar and was so successful Atari decided to produce and sell the game by themselves, rather then licensing it to other companies. In 1973, the company finally secured a line of credit from Wells Fargo and started an assembly line. By the end of the year, Pong arcade machines were shipped all over the US and other countries. Like other famous games such as Pacman and Tetris, Pong became one of the symbols of computer gaming.<br><br>Atari sold more then 35,000 Pong machines. This figure is only about one third of the Pong machines sold globally, since many Pong clones appeared shortly after the debut of the original Atari Pong game. Atari chose to compete with the Pong game clones by producing more innovative games such as &#8220;Double Pong&#8221; which was a pong game with four players, two on each side and a bigger screen.<br><br><mark style=\"background-color:var(--global-palette2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-theme-palette-9-color\">EMULATOR<\/mark><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"GENIAC Computer KitCompany: Toy Development Company IncDesigner: Edmund BerkeleyPrice: $19.95Year: 1955Manual: Online ManualThe GENIAC was an educational computer kit toy designed and marketed by Edmund Berkeley with Oliver Garfield of the Toy Development Company, Inc in 1955. This toy computer remained popular throughout the 1960s, teaching basic computer knowledge and Boolean logic. The kit came with a rotary construction set of six masonite disks with brass jumpers to connect to a battery in the back. With a GENIAC, you could construct over 125 different circuits and machines that can solve puzzles, reason, compute, and play games. It was also called, \u201cthe electric brain.\u201d\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-1024x455.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"455\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-1024x455.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-300x133.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-768x341.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-1536x683.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/GENIAC-Computer-Kit-2048x910.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"481\" class=\"wp-image-481 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">GENIAC Computer Kit<br><br>Company: Toy Development Company Inc<br><br>Designer: Edmund Berkeley<br><br>Price: $19.95<br><br>Year: 1955<br><br>Manual: Online Manual<br><br>The GENIAC was an educational computer kit toy designed and marketed by Edmund Berkeley with Oliver Garfield of the Toy Development Company, Inc in 1955. This toy computer remained popular throughout the 1960s, teaching basic computer knowledge and Boolean logic. The kit came with a rotary construction set of six masonite disks with brass jumpers to connect to a battery in the back. With a GENIAC, you could construct over 125 different circuits and machines that can solve puzzles, reason, compute, and play games. It was also called, \u201cthe electric brain.\u201d<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use.jpg\" data-description=\"DEC Computer LabCompany: Digtial Equipment Corporation (DEC)Designer: John L HughesYear: 1968Digital Equipment Corporation developed the COMPUTER LAB as a training device to teach basic concepts, theory, and operations of digital computers. The COMPUTER LAB was a complete educational package, as it came with a patch-cord panel, over 100 taper-pin patch-cords of assorted colors and lengths, a student workbook filled with step-by-step instructions to experiments, and a teacher\u2019s guide for all the lessons. The COMPUTER LAB assists the student in mastering the basics of the binary number systems (machine language), gates and switches, two state memory devices, and Boolean algebra.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use-1024x576.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use-1536x865.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DEC-Computer-Lab-use-2048x1153.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"483\" class=\"wp-image-483 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">DEC Computer Lab<br><br>Company: Digtial Equipment Corporation (DEC)<br><br>Designer: John L Hughes<br><br>Year: 1968<br><br>Digital Equipment Corporation developed the COMPUTER LAB as a training device to teach basic concepts, theory, and operations of digital computers. The COMPUTER LAB was a complete educational package, as it came with a patch-cord panel, over 100 taper-pin patch-cords of assorted colors and lengths, a student workbook filled with step-by-step instructions to experiments, and a teacher\u2019s guide for all the lessons. The COMPUTER LAB assists the student in mastering the basics of the binary number systems (machine language), gates and switches, two state memory devices, and Boolean algebra.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Comdyna GP-6Company: Comdyna inc.Designer: Ray SpiessThe GP-6 carries on the general purpose analog computer as an old technology that stays forever young. Although the analog computer rarely computes in a manner that gave it its name, analog computing continues to thrive in the form of linear circuits. Analog computing fundamentals are the roots of linear circuits. The analog computer patch panel remains the only means of programming linear circuits, i.e. operational amplifiers into the endless number of analog circuit devices. With a GP-6 in the laboratory, stable, trouble- free signal conditioning, simulation, control, intrumentation, etc. circuits can be up an running in minutes.Control laboratories are the primary installations. The GP-6 is the ideal starting point for teaching classic control system design. Working first with the GP-6, the student experiences not only the basic challenge of the control problem, but a hands-on development of the system physics into its math model, the patch panel programming of linear devices into interface and controller circuits, scaling analog variables and the use of simulation as a tool for both inductive and deductive analysis.The GP-6 is also used in classroom demonstrations and advanced design projects where programmable simulations serve as linear and non-linear plants to be controlled. GP-6 simulations are high speed, continuous, and realistic stand-ins for testing analog and digital controllers and control systems.Other than teaching, the GP-6 finds application as a handy, portable, general purpose instrument, the GP-6 patch panel a means to quickly program, as opposed to breadboarding, linear circuits.Each GP-6 is a self-contained unit capable of simulating linear and non-linear systems of up to four state variables. Over 2000 GP-6 analog computers have been installed in over 400 university, government and commercial research laboratories.The GP-6 Analog Computer, Alive but not exactly kicking, an article by Ray Spiess.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-1024x721.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"721\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-1024x721.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-768x540.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-1536x1081.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/comdyna_gp-6-2048x1441.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"485\" class=\"wp-image-485 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Comdyna GP-6<br><br>Company: Comdyna inc.<br><br>Designer: Ray Spiess<br><br>The GP-6 carries on the general purpose analog computer as an old technology that stays forever young. Although the analog computer rarely computes in a manner that gave it its name, analog computing continues to thrive in the form of linear circuits. Analog computing fundamentals are the roots of linear circuits. The analog computer patch panel remains the only means of programming linear circuits, i.e. operational amplifiers into the endless number of analog circuit devices. With a GP-6 in the laboratory, stable, trouble- free signal conditioning, simulation, control, intrumentation, etc. circuits can be up an running in minutes.<br><br>Control laboratories are the primary installations. The GP-6 is the ideal starting point for teaching classic control system design. Working first with the GP-6, the student experiences not only the basic challenge of the control problem, but a hands-on development of the system physics into its math model, the patch panel programming of linear devices into interface and controller circuits, scaling analog variables and the use of simulation as a tool for both inductive and deductive analysis.<br><br>The GP-6 is also used in classroom demonstrations and advanced design projects where programmable simulations serve as linear and non-linear plants to be controlled. GP-6 simulations are high speed, continuous, and realistic stand-ins for testing analog and digital controllers and control systems.<br><br>Other than teaching, the GP-6 finds application as a handy, portable, general purpose instrument, the GP-6 patch panel a means to quickly program, as opposed to breadboarding, linear circuits.<br><br>Each GP-6 is a self-contained unit capable of simulating linear and non-linear systems of up to four state variables. Over 2000 GP-6 analog computers have been installed in over 400 university, government and commercial research laboratories.<br><br>The GP-6 Analog Computer, Alive but not exactly kicking, an article by Ray Spiess.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Heathkit EC-1Company: HeathkitThe Heathkit model EC-1 Educational Analog Computer puts advanced engineering techniques within the reach of everyone and still remains the lowest cost analog computer of its quality on the market today. Used widely in industry and in educational institutions, the Heathkit EC-1 is capable of solving a multitude of complex mechanical and mathematical problems with swift electronic accuracy. Many industrial concerns are using this versatile computer to train computer operators and engineers in setting up computer problems. Schools and colleges find the EC-1 ideal for teaching engineering, physics and mathematics. In addition to the basic principles of analog computer application which can easily be obtained from using the instrument, computer design knowledge is also enhanced by familiarity with the EC-1 circuitry.The Heathkit Educational Analog Computer is completely self-contained and contains nine DC operational amplifiers with provision for balancing without removing problem setup. It also features three initial condition power supplies, five coefficient potentiometers, four sets of relay contacts, an electronically regulated power supply and a built-in repetitive oscillator for automatic operation. The complete EC-1 kit also contains an assortment of precision resistors, capacitors, special silicon diodes and patch cords for setting up scores of complex computer problems easily and accurately.All components of the EC-1 computer are mounted on plugs for convenient and rapid insertion in problem-board sockets. All markings and symbols are standard computer type. Replacement or additional parts are easily obtainable through out the nation. The problem results are read directly from the meter supplied with the kit, and provision is also made for measuring results with an external read-out device such as the Heathkit DC oscilloscopes--IO-10, OR-1, or OP-1.The Heathkit EC-1 Educational Analog Computer Kit is ideally suited for assembly by students and newcomers to the world of computers. The chassis layout is clean and wide open allowing the beginner to construct the instrument in a short time following the famous Heathkit &quot;check-by-step&quot; instructions and clearly illustrated diagrams. An informative manual is also provided with the kit, which illustrates operating procedures and basic computer information as well as showing how to set up and solve typical problems.This economical computer is housed in a handsome steel case with convenient access hatch. The housing measures 19\u00be&quot; W x 11\u00bd&quot; H x 15&quot; D. The specially designed, heavy-duty chassis and ruggedly-braced front panel permit firm mounting of the EC-1 on a standard relay rack if desired.The money-saving price of the Heathkit EC-1 coupled with its obvious quality and versatility make it one of the greatest buys ever offered by the Heath Company. In this day of increasing use of analog computers, the EC-1 can be your first step in obtaining a practical, working knowledge of this fascinating field.SPECIFICATIONS--Amplifiers: Open loop gain approximately 1000. Output -60 +60 volts at .7 ma. Power supplies: \u00b1 300 volts at 25 ma electronically regulated; variable from +250 to +350 by control with meter reference for setting +300 volts. Negative 150 volts at 40 ma. regulated by VR tube. Repetitive operation: Multivibrator cycles a relay at adjustable rates (.1 to 15 cps), to repeat the solution any number of times; permits observation of effect on solution of changing parameters. Meter: 50-0-50 ua movement. Power requirements: 105-125 volts, 50\/60 cycles. 100 watts. Shipping Weight: 43 lbs.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-1024x770.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"770\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-1024x770.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-1536x1154.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/heathkit-EC-1-2048x1539.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"487\" class=\"wp-image-487 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Heathkit EC-1<br><br>Company: Heathkit<br><br>The Heathkit model EC-1 Educational Analog Computer puts advanced engineering techniques within the reach of everyone and still remains the lowest cost analog computer of its quality on the market today. Used widely in industry and in educational institutions, the Heathkit EC-1 is capable of solving a multitude of complex mechanical and mathematical problems with swift electronic accuracy. Many industrial concerns are using this versatile computer to train computer operators and engineers in setting up computer problems. Schools and colleges find the EC-1 ideal for teaching engineering, physics and mathematics. In addition to the basic principles of analog computer application which can easily be obtained from using the instrument, computer design knowledge is also enhanced by familiarity with the EC-1 circuitry.<br><br>The Heathkit Educational Analog Computer is completely self-contained and contains nine DC operational amplifiers with provision for balancing without removing problem setup. It also features three initial condition power supplies, five coefficient potentiometers, four sets of relay contacts, an electronically regulated power supply and a built-in repetitive oscillator for automatic operation. The complete EC-1 kit also contains an assortment of precision resistors, capacitors, special silicon diodes and patch cords for setting up scores of complex computer problems easily and accurately.<br><br>All components of the EC-1 computer are mounted on plugs for convenient and rapid insertion in problem-board sockets. All markings and symbols are standard computer type. Replacement or additional parts are easily obtainable through out the nation. The problem results are read directly from the meter supplied with the kit, and provision is also made for measuring results with an external read-out device such as the Heathkit DC oscilloscopes&#8211;IO-10, OR-1, or OP-1.<br><br>The Heathkit EC-1 Educational Analog Computer Kit is ideally suited for assembly by students and newcomers to the world of computers. The chassis layout is clean and wide open allowing the beginner to construct the instrument in a short time following the famous Heathkit &#8220;check-by-step&#8221; instructions and clearly illustrated diagrams. An informative manual is also provided with the kit, which illustrates operating procedures and basic computer information as well as showing how to set up and solve typical problems.<br><br>This economical computer is housed in a handsome steel case with convenient access hatch. The housing measures 19\u00be&#8221; W x 11\u00bd&#8221; H x 15&#8243; D. The specially designed, heavy-duty chassis and ruggedly-braced front panel permit firm mounting of the EC-1 on a standard relay rack if desired.<br><br>The money-saving price of the Heathkit EC-1 coupled with its obvious quality and versatility make it one of the greatest buys ever offered by the Heath Company. In this day of increasing use of analog computers, the EC-1 can be your first step in obtaining a practical, working knowledge of this fascinating field.<br><br>SPECIFICATIONS&#8211;Amplifiers: Open loop gain approximately 1000. Output -60 +60 volts at .7 ma. Power supplies: \u00b1 300 volts at 25 ma electronically regulated; variable from +250 to +350 by control with meter reference for setting +300 volts. Negative 150 volts at 40 ma. regulated by VR tube. Repetitive operation: Multivibrator cycles a relay at adjustable rates (.1 to 15 cps), to repeat the solution any number of times; permits observation of effect on solution of changing parameters. Meter: 50-0-50 ua movement. Power requirements: 105-125 volts, 50\/60 cycles. 100 watts. Shipping Weight: 43 lbs.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Logic GoatsMaterial: Thin card (230 micron 67lb)Material: paper, glue, penniesCompany: flying-pig.co.ukDesigner: Rob IvesYear: Designed in 2007Educational paper animation kits to learn about mechanisms and logic functions.Each assembly demonstrates one logical gate which performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs, and produces a single binary output.These goats were designed in 2007 by Rob Ives. Anyone can purchase to make their own from the Flying Pig website.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-1024x525.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"525\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-1024x525.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-768x394.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-1536x788.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/logic-goats-2048x1051.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"489\" class=\"wp-image-489 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Logic Goats<br><br>Material: Thin card (230 micron 67lb)<br><br>Material: paper, glue, pennies<br><br>Company: flying-pig.co.uk<br><br>Designer: Rob Ives<br><br>Year: Designed in 2007<br><br>Educational paper animation kits to learn about mechanisms and logic functions.<br><br>Each assembly demonstrates one logical gate which performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs, and produces a single binary output.<br><br>These goats were designed in 2007 by Rob Ives. Anyone can purchase to make their own from the Flying Pig website.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim.jpg\" data-description=\"The Amazing Dr. NimCompany: E.S.R., IncDesigner: John &quot;Jack&quot; Thomas GodfreyYear: 1966Dr. NIM is a basic computer game invented by John \u201cJack\u201d Thomas Godfrey and manufactured by E.S.R., Inc. in the mid-1960s. Dr. NIM consists of a plastic computer with memory switches and a set of marbles. This game is thought to be a variation of a game based off of an ancient Asian game played thousands of years ago.A player challenges Dr. NIM (the computer) or another player. There are 15 marbles, and two players take turns choosing 1 to 3 marbles, until one marble is left. The person who is left to deal with one marble, is the loser. There are mathematical formulas in the handbook that help the players learn how to beat Dr. NIM and learn basic programming at the same time.Also see:Digi-Comp 1Think-a-Dot\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim-1024x576.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim-1536x865.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/The-Amazing-Dr.-Nim-2048x1153.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"491\" class=\"wp-image-491 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">The Amazing Dr. Nim<br><br>Company: E.S.R., Inc<br><br>Designer: John &#8220;Jack&#8221; Thomas Godfrey<br><br>Year: 1966<br><br>Dr. NIM is a basic computer game invented by John \u201cJack\u201d Thomas Godfrey and manufactured by E.S.R., Inc. in the mid-1960s. Dr. NIM consists of a plastic computer with memory switches and a set of marbles. This game is thought to be a variation of a game based off of an ancient Asian game played thousands of years ago.<br><br>A player challenges Dr. NIM (the computer) or another player. There are 15 marbles, and two players take turns choosing 1 to 3 marbles, until one marble is left. The person who is left to deal with one marble, is the loser. There are mathematical formulas in the handbook that help the players learn how to beat Dr. NIM and learn basic programming at the same time.<br><br>Also see:<br><br>Digi-Comp 1<br>Think-a-Dot<br><br><\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Osborne IAdvertisement: Osborne 1 AdWeight: 24.5 lbs.Operating System: CP\/M 2.2Processor: Zilog Z80 @4.0MHzCompany: OsborneMemory: 64 kBDesigner: Lee FeldensteinPrice: $1795.00Year: 1981The Osborne 1 was introduced in April of 1981 at the West Coast Computer Faire and was shipped in July. It was one of the first commercially successful portable computers, and could fit (barely) under the airline seats of the day.The Osborne 1 included an impressive array of softwareCP\/M 2.2Wordstar\/Mailmerge 2.25Supercalc 1.12CBASIC and MBASIC\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-1024x577.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-1536x865.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-I-use-1-2048x1153.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"494\" class=\"wp-image-494 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Osborne I<br><br>Advertisement: Osborne 1 Ad<br><br>Weight: 24.5 lbs.<br><br>Operating System: CP\/M 2.2<br><br>Processor: Zilog Z80 @4.0MHz<br><br>Company: Osborne<br><br>Memory: 64 kB<br><br>Designer: Lee Feldenstein<br><br>Price: $1795.00<br><br>Year: 1981<br><br>The Osborne 1 was introduced in April of 1981 at the West Coast Computer Faire and was shipped in July. It was one of the first commercially successful portable computers, and could fit (barely) under the airline seats of the day.<br><br>The Osborne 1 included an impressive array of software<br><br>CP\/M 2.2<br>Wordstar\/Mailmerge 2.25<br>Supercalc 1.12<br>CBASIC and MBASIC<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use.jpg\" data-description=\"Osborne ExecutiveProcessor: Zilog Z80 @ 4.0 MHzOperating System: CPM, CPM+Weight: 28 lbs.Memory: 124 kBPrice: $2495.00Year: 1982As the successor of the Osborne 1 the Osborne Executive an upgrade, containing all of the good features and fixing some flaws of the Osborne 1. The Osborne Executive came with the same impressive array of software as it did before with the 1.By updating the operating system to CP\/M version 3.0, it could now support bank-switching memory giving it the capability to use programs that used more RAM. The Executive now included a cooling fan and could also emulate certain models of computer terminal which was useful for dial-up access to remote systems. The most popular use of the Osborne Executive was to use it for portable business presentations and project demos for clients.\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use-1024x512.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use-1536x768.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-Executive-use.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"496\" class=\"wp-image-496 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Osborne Executive<br><br>Processor: Zilog Z80 @ 4.0 MHz<br><br>Operating System: CPM, CPM+<br><br>Weight: 28 lbs.<br><br>Memory: 124 kB<br><br>Price: $2495.00<br><br>Year: 1982<br><br>As the successor of the Osborne 1 the Osborne Executive an upgrade, containing all of the good features and fixing some flaws of the Osborne 1. The Osborne Executive came with the same impressive array of software as it did before with the 1.By updating the operating system to CP\/M version 3.0, it could now support bank-switching memory giving it the capability to use programs that used more RAM. The Executive now included a cooling fan and could also emulate certain models of computer terminal which was useful for dial-up access to remote systems. The most popular use of the Osborne Executive was to use it for portable business presentations and project demos for clients.<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><li class=\"kb-slide-item kb-gallery-slide-item splide__slide\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item\"><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item-inner\"><figure class=\"kb-gallery-figure kb-gallery-item-has-link kadence-blocks-gallery-item-has-caption\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-scaled.jpg\" data-description=\"Osborne 04 VixenWeight: 18 lbs.Processor: Zilog Z80 @4.0 MHzPrice: $1298.00Year: 1985As a major improvement over the previous Osbornes, the Osborne 04 Vixen is smaller, lighter, and cheaper version with a higher capacity floppy drives. This was the most popular version yet in 1985 even thought the Osborne Computer Corporation had to hold off on releasing it for a few years due to financial troubles. It too came with a large array of software applications, including:CP\/M 2.2WordStar\/ MailMergeSupercalc 2OsboardMBASICMedia MasterTurnKeyDesolation\" class=\"kb-gallery-item-link\"   role=\"button\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><div class=\"kb-gal-image-radius\"><div class=\"kb-gallery-image-contain kadence-blocks-gallery-intrinsic kb-gallery-image-ratio-inherit kb-has-image-ratio-inherit\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201000%20667'%3E%3C\/svg%3E\"  data-splide-lazy=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-1024x475.jpg\" width=\"1024\" height=\"475\" alt=\"\" data-full-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-scaled.jpg\" data-light-image=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-scaled.jpg\" data-splide-lazy-srcset=\"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-1024x475.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-1536x712.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Osborne-04-Vixen-2048x950.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"data-id=\"498\" class=\"wp-image-498 skip-lazy\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"kadence-blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Osborne 04 Vixen<br><br>Weight: 18 lbs.<br><br>Processor: Zilog Z80 @4.0 MHz<br><br>Price: $1298.00<br><br>Year: 1985<br><br>As a major improvement over the previous Osbornes, the Osborne 04 Vixen is smaller, lighter, and cheaper version with a higher capacity floppy drives. This was the most popular version yet in 1985 even thought the Osborne Computer Corporation had to hold off on releasing it for a few years due to financial troubles. It too came with a large array of software applications, including:<br>CP\/M 2.2<br>WordStar\/ MailMerge<br>Supercalc 2<br>Osboard<br>MBASIC<br>Media Master<br>TurnKey<br>Desolation<\/div><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Exhibits Write with clear, concise language to inform and engage your audience. Consider what matters to them and provide valuable insights.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"fullwidth","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=21"}],"version-history":[{"count":119,"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":658,"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21\/revisions\/658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bendix-g15.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=21"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}